The relationship between Rhoda and Gertrude in The...

Discuss the relationship between Rhoda and Gertrude in The Withered Arm. The Withered Arm is a pre-20th century book by Thomas Hardy; the plot of the story is in and around the writers imaginary village of Holmstoke and town of Casterbridge. One of the main themes of The Withered Arm was Jealousy it was portrayed through Rhoda Brook, a thin fading woman of thirty that had once been handsome, who had an affair with Farmer Lodge and bore him a son. Farmer Lodge left Rhoda to bring up their son on her own and later married a new wife, who was years younger than him, called Gertrude. In this essay I am going to discuss the relationship between Rhoda and Gertrude in The Withered Arm. The relationship between Rhoda†¦show more content†¦This was revealed to us by the importance of the wedding ring with which the spectre in her vision tormented her. The spectre in Rhodas vision was Gertrude, with features shockingly distorted and wrinkled by age, now as ugly and old as Rhoda wished her to be. In the dream Rhoda threw Mrs Lodge to the ground by her arm and permanently left finger marks on her arm. Rhodas vision did not only gave us an insight to her mind but also showed us that she was ready to do anything in defence of something she considered as hers even if she had to do it through violence. As soon as Gertrude arrived to the village she started giving out gifts to the poorer people around the village. Rhoda who had decided that she wouldnt even look up at Gertrude if she were to pass her window in other words she never wanted to see Gertrude was forced to respond readily to charitable Gertrudes sweet voice and winning glance when Gertrude brought her son the pair of boots that she had promised him. Rhodas feelings for Gertrude changed from deep dislike and Jealousy. She liked Gertrude so started to reproach her self bitterly for the way she had previously felt towards Gertrude. Although the two women started a friendly relationship their relationshipShow MoreRelatedComparing the Suffering Between Rhoda in The Withered Arm and The Sons Veto651 Words   |  3 PagesSuffering Between Rhoda in The Withered Arm and The Sons Veto in the tale The Withered Arm in the story The Sons Veto are both very lonely women. Both of these women and have been mistreated by men, but none of them ever speak out for themselves to tell the men that their behaviour is unacceptable. Women who were treated by men were just expected by their fathers (if the husband is rich) to just keep quiet and be happy that they are financially supported. Rhoda is Read MoreOld Mrs. Chundle and The Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast two stories by Thomas Hardy which deal with the theme of fate? The two stories that I have chosen that deal with the them of fate are Old Mrs Chundle and The Withered Arm. Both of these stories are written by Thomas Hardy, and in both of these stories he is dealing with the theme of fate. Both of theses stories are about little accidental happenings which govern and determine peoples lives. This is just like real life situations. It is the accidental happeningsRead MoreCompare Charlotte Perkins Gilmans, Turned with Thomas Hardys, A Withered Arm2415 Words   |  10 PagesCompare Charlotte Perkins Gilmans Turned with Thomas Hardys A Withered Arm The short stories Turned by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and The Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy both have very different techniques and plots with which they aim to appeal to their audience. The opening of The Withered Arm immediately involves the reader. Adjectives are used to describe the initial setting, and so the image of the eighty-cow dairy, and the troop of milkers, regular and supernumerary becomesRead MoreComparing The Signalman by Dickens and The Withered Arm by Hardy2502 Words   |  11 PagesComparing The Signalman by Dickens and The Withered Arm by Hardy The Signalman and The Withered Arm, are two short stories showing supernatural events. Authors, Dickens, and Hardy intrigue readers by using certain techniques. These techniques add suspense and mystery to the story, which makes the reader, want to read further on. The openings in both narratives begin with a short dialogue. The dialogue in The Signalman begins with the narrator talking to the Signalman:Read MoreHardys Portrayal of Women in His Short Stories Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages · The Withered Arm  · The Distracted Preacher  · The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion My essay will be based around the women in these stories, who are all very different. Lizzy Newberry, Rhoda Brook, Gertrude Lodge and Phyllis Grove, are all young women whose lives are portrayed out in rural Wessex communities in the 1830s to 1840s. This was a society dominated by men and male values particularly with regard to their relationships with womenRead More How Do Pre 1914 Writers Create Mystery And Suspense Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesVictorian times, people were concerned with problems such as superstition and witchcraft. Common features of Victorian short stories are paranoid characters. The stories ‘The Withered Arm’, ‘The Red Room’ and ‘The Signalman’ teach a modern audience the results and consequences of superstition and paranoia. The Withered Arm was written by Thomas Hardy. It is about a woman who is trying to bring up her illegitimate son while she tries to overcome her jealousy as her sons father brings home hisRead MoreWessex Tales Essay2607 Words   |  11 Pages19th Century and how Thomas Hardys characters were affected. The five stories I will be writing about are: 1. The Withered Arm 2. The Sons Veto 3. Tony Kytes the Arch Deceiver 4. Absent Mindedness in a parish choir 5. The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion In the 19th century there were a lot of divisions between people eg. Class. A girl from a high class could not marry a boy from the middle class. Not what you call a gentlemen (TheRead MoreThe Sons Veto by Thomas Hardy Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pagesviolation of the laws of nature† People disapproved of a marriage such as this and found it unacceptable. Phyllis and Humphrey’s relationship drifted apart and as a couple hardly spoke to each other. â€Å"The stone wall of necessity made anything like intimacy difficult.† It was as if a brick wall was dividing them they found it difficult to talk and there relationship rather much broke down. Phyllis becomes very close to Matthaus and wants to elope with him. â€Å"She always said that the oneRead MoreThe Darkness Out There Character Analysis Essay2841 Words   |  12 PagesCharacterization in The Darkness Out There ‘The Darkness Out There’ and ‘The Withered Arm’ are both short stories. The characterization techniques they use are contrasting and similar. Each story is from a different time; ‘The Withered Arm’ being 19th century and ‘The Darkness Out There’ being 20th century. Thomas Hardy writes ‘The Withered Arm’ as a 3rd person narrative whereas Penelope Lively uses a mixture between 3rd and 1st person.   ‘The Darkness Out There’ combines the author’s narrationRead MoreRelationships Between Men and Women in Thoms Hardys Short Stories2006 Words   |  9 PagesRelationships Between Men and Women in Thoms Hardys Short Stories Thomas Hardy was born on June the 2nd, 1848, at Higher Brockhampton in Dorset, a little hamlet, a few miles from Dorchester. He soon moved to London to study architecture, writing poems and short stories in his spare time, eventually moving on to do full-time writing, abandoning architecture. Most of his stories are set in the imagined county of Wessex, which encompasses the counties, Dorset, Devon

The Web Analytic Maturity Model For The Website - 1119 Words

We designed website named as yoga4fitlife and every yoga pose and information is carefully selected from various resources. Website offers the more efficient, satisfying, and user-friendly experience for the user. Interactive design is the best way to increase the quality of user experience. We used Go Daddy’s Website builder tool for designing the website and Search Engine Optimization for improving the website. The Web Analytics Framework A. Identifying Key Performance Indicators Metrics which captures the counts and ratios infused with business strategy Examples: Conversion rate, average order value, task completion rate. B. The Web Analytics Maturity Model: Implementing Web Analytics metrics Tools: This will enable to develop†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Lacking Responsive feature - The website was not responsive with all virtual of a display, that is it is not compatible with different display sizes. Website was lacking â€Å"One framework, every device† feature. †¢ Lacking photographic or background images - Website was not featuring photographic or background images and studies have proven that photos have a better chance of engaging your visitors. †¢ Direct link from the homepage: Users will remember articles, products, or promotions that were advertised prominently on the homepage, but they wont know how to track them once you move inside the site. To help users locate key items, a short list of recent features should be mentioned on the homepage supplemented with a link to a permanent archive of all other homepage features. B. Site Complexity: †¢ Complex Navigation - Website needed consolidation of the categories as the user interface was making it difficult to navigate. The website was less productive and users have had to spend a lot of time searching the links which should be readily available. †¢ Clarity - The interface can avoid ambiguity by making everything clear through language, metaphors and hierarchy for visual elements. Also, the site was having a lot of free space which can be occupied by the other useful information. C. Not Enough Content – Website was lacking in the content or features to attract the visitors. APPROACH The website ought toShow MoreRelatedWeb Analytics Maturity Model : Implementation And Search Engine Optimization For Improving The Website Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION We designed website named as Pet Breed Hub and everything we do is for the love of pets, website provides the required information about pets. Website offers the more efficient, satisfying, and user-friendly experience for the user. Interactive design is the best way to increase the quality of user experience. We used User Centered Design (UCD) tool for designing the website and Search Engine Optimization for improving the website. The Web Analytics Framework A. Identifying Key PerformanceRead MoreImplementation Of Web Analytics Maturity Model Essay2661 Words   |  11 PagesImplementation of Web Analytics Maturity model on Trademe.com ï‚ § Aim: Case study on trademe.co.nz using web analytics maturity model which overcome the pros cons of the online customer service system. ï‚ § Abstract: In this case study, we are defining a scenario as a client where Trade Me which is New Zealand’s giant and how online auction transaction is improvised by using Web Analytics. Clients site usability and experience is enhance by applying the science and Web analytics methodology. It isRead MoreDeveloping A Metric Based Web Analytics Approach For Increasing The Number Of Visitors At Sju Alumni Website761 Words   |  4 Pagesproposal is to develop a metric based Web Analytics approach for increasing the number of visitors to SJU Alumni Website. To achieve this goal, we need to develop an optimal web analytics framework. This framework includes three methods. The first method is called the Data Capture which involves in collecting the right data using metrics. The second method is called Data Reporting which involves in reporting the key performance indicators and metrics using web analytics tools. Final method is called theRead MoreSwot Analysis : Amazon And Salesforce Essay1 279 Words   |  6 Pagesdata Technology and business value. Big Data Experience: Google have developed big data ecosystem with many open source application and technology. It applies Big Data to understand what the researcher want and guide them through the different websites. 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However, evolution towards maturity it develops superiorRead MoreEssay on Empowering IBM End Users Through Self-Service1300 Words   |  6 Pagescompany Below are few of best practices widely used in the industry†¦. Make it easy to find and use: †¢ Focus on design simplicity for your self help website †¢ Understand the content most often used by visitors, place this content prominently, and you’ll get a big bang for your screen real estate. †¢ Ensure that the knowledge in your self help website is properly optimized with updated content for easy information retrieval. †¢ Invest focus on search engine optimization; make sure support pages areRead MoreReal Time Analytics For Different Software Applications Essay3905 Words   |  16 PagesThis chapter examines about the real time analytics for different software applications and the current implementation to gather the need. It also constitutes the tabular evaluation between the current implementations. 2.1 Real Time Analytics Real-time analytics is an expression used to recommend to the analytics which are able to be recovered as they arise into a system. In different words, the word analytics is utilized to define data patterns that offer meaning to a business or other unit, whereRead MoreAnalyzing the Scrap Metal Recycling Industry and Various E-Marketing Efforts9387 Words   |  38 PagesServices has a very limited marketing budget that is primarily used for direct sales. Lacking innovation and failure to adopt modern business models may very well hinder KK Recycling Services’ profitability and growth. KK Recycling Services, along with its top three competitors in the industry use basic E-Marketing strategies such as a company website and Search Engine Optimization via Google. 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Sex Ed Reduces Teen Pregnancy Free Essays

string(85) " information about sexual intercourse; however, it incorporates a variety of topics\." We have all heard it, parents, teachers, and students, gossiping about the latest young girl to become pregnant in high school. They make comments like, â€Å"What was she thinking† or â€Å"Her parents must be so disappointed. † Did anyone question if she had been properly educated on the risks of sexual activity or if she had been provided with medically correct information? No one stops to think about the big picture; instead they choose to be judgmental and critical of other’s decision-making skills, or lack thereof. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Ed Reduces Teen Pregnancy or any similar topic only for you Order Now That’s where sexual education comes in. Teenage pregnancy, along with sex education continues to be a highly controversial subject, especially with regards to when and where it should be taught. Much of the debate comes from the two types of education, abstinence-only or comprehensive, also known as abstinence-plus. Abstinence-only education promotes sexual abstinence until marriage, leaving out crucial topics like birth control and condoms. A comprehensive curriculum includes education on the use of contraceptives while maintaining a basis of abstinence. Although there has been a steady decline in the United States teen birth rate, it remains higher than many other developed countries. Statistics show that sexually active teens in the United States are less likely to use varying forms of contraception and are more likely to become pregnant, than those of other equal nations (Rubin). Partially to blame is the United States government, which supports the abstinence-only approach; therefore, most schools are not required to teach subject matter that surpasses that concept (Stanger). Media, although equally controversial, can play a vital role in opening the door for parents to engage in conversation with their children. According to Rachel Canter, executive director of Mississippi First, â€Å"An effective, comprehensive sex education program starts with a base of abstinence but includes medically accurate information about contraception and health† (Pettus). The research is proven; comprehensive sex education reduces teenage pregnancy. Not only are most schools lacking in the information that is covered in their curriculums, some are providing medically incorrect information to students. A recent report revealed that 30% of schools instruct that birth control does not prevent pregnancy (Rubin). In 2009, a lawsuit was filed against a Fresno county school district in California for violating state law by only teaching about abstinence, and for using textbooks that were not in compliance with that law, which requires medically accurate information be taught, along with methods to prevent pregnancy and diseases. With one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates in California, parents were compelled to do something to protect their children (Watanabe). According to a recent survey, more than half of adults questioned feel that federally funded programs should offer more education about contraception and three-quarters of those wish education included information about both abstinence and contraception (Teens). If statistics prove that abstinence education is ineffective at preventing pregnancy and most adults are on board with a more comprehensive approach, maybe lawmakers should take that information into account when developing policies about sex education. A step in that direction would be requiring that curriculums include a more comprehensive style. Abstinence-only programs tend to leave out valuable information such as contraception, which some believe sends the wrong message to students (Stanger). Although abstinence programs play an important role in comprehensive education, there is little evidence to support that these curriculum alone help reduce teenage pregnancy. According to Lisa Wirthman, a Denver journalist, â€Å"By trying to scare and shame kids and withholding critical health information, abstinence-only programs treat teens like toddlers† (Wirthman). A report released this year by the Centers for Disease Control reveals that nearly 50% of pregnant teenagers denied using contraception. Furthermore, 30% were under the impression that they could not get pregnant, while others simply â€Å"misunderstood how one gets pregnant and the risk of becoming pregnant after unprotected intercourse† (Brakman). Therefore, it can be concluded that many young people are under informed about their sexual health and lack proper decision making skills regarding their sexual behaviors. Studies show that states that support the abstinence-only approach to sex education tend to have higher teenage pregnancy and birth rates as compared to those who support a more comprehensive approach. Nevada, having one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the nation, does not mandate that contraceptive methods and condom use be included in their curriculum (Stanger). Likely, if it is not required, most schools will not cover such aspects in its studies. The majority of supporters of these programs do not acknowledge that many students will become sexually active during their teenage years. It is inevitable that teenagers are going to have sex, choosing to ignore that fact by not teaching them the proper methods to protect themselves is negligent. Abstinence-only education fails at teaching students many important aspects of sexual health. Those included are, sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy prevention and contraception. Much of the information provided in these programs is misleading and medically inaccurate, leaving students uninformed and at risk (Watanabe). The typical abstinence curriculum lectures that the only way to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases is to â€Å"abstain† from such behaviors that may result in either of the two. While this is truthful, little to no information is provided to students about how to protect themselves if they choose to participate in these activities, leaving them at high risk for unplanned pregnancy. . According to Congress, it was found that abstinence-only programs provide misconceptions of reproductive health and a lack of proper decision-making tools, therefore, promoting irresponsible behavior (Stanger). A study by The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy shows that nearly 8 out of 10 teenagers believe they are properly informed on how to prevent pregnancy, yet confess to knowing hardly anything at all about contraception and condoms (Teens). As statistics like this show, young people are, in general, naive about many aspects of their sexual health and require a more all-encompassing education to be able to make appropriate decisions regarding their sexual wellbeing. A common misconception about ‘sex-ed’ is that it only includes information about sexual intercourse; however, it incorporates a variety of topics. You read "Sex Ed Reduces Teen Pregnancy" in category "Papers" These include, but are not limited to, anatomy, reproduction, body image, relationships, and safe sex practices. Comprehensive sex education, or abstinence-plus, includes a wide array of age-appropriate, evidence-based, medically accurate information to enable teenagers to make well-informed decisions about their overall health, while still advocating that abstinence is the only true method to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (Wirthman). Not only does comprehensive education provide insight to multiple sex-health topics, it also stresses the importance of delaying sexual behaviors. To the disbelief of abstinence-only supporters, studies show that students that are taught comprehensive sex education are no more likely to be infected with sexually transmitted diseases, than those taught only about abstinence. Also contrary to pro-abstinence belief, those that are taught a more comprehensive approach have a lower risk of becoming pregnant teenagers (Stanger). One study revealed that of those who are taught more comprehensively, 40% waited to have sex and more than 60% used protection (Wirthman). It is obvious that the more educated students are about the risks associated with sexual activity, the better decisions they make. A recent survey revealed that 38% of teenagers are more influenced by their parents regarding their decisions about sex (Teens). As stated by Emily Pettus, some legislators argue that sex education, including contraception and condoms, should be taught at home, not by the education system (Pettus). This is also where much of the debate is centered. However, teenagers typically do not open up to their parents about sexual activity and many parents tend to bury their heads in the sand and act like it is not happening with their children. Often times, parents and teenagers are unsure about how to discuss the somewhat awkward subject of sex, so they do not talk about it at all. Therefore, education is often left up to teenagers’ peers and other typically inaccurate sources. One study revealed that nearly 90% of young people think if they could have open conversations with their parents about sex, it would be easier to postpone sexual activity. Also, nearly 80% of parents wish their kids would talk to them about sex so that they can provide them with the proper resources to protect themselves (Teens). Kathrin Stanger, professor at the University of Georgia states, â€Å"If teens don’t learn about human reproduction, including safe sexual health practices to prevent unintended pregnancies and STDs, and how to plan their reproductive adult life in school, then when should they learn it, and from whom? † (Stanger). Parents, along with the education system, can provide accurate, age-appropriate information to teenagers to help empower them to make healthy, responsible choices; however, when both of these options fall short, teenagers often turn to the media as a source of education. Many critics often accuse the media of promoting teenage pregnancy, and even glamorizing it. However, little thought is given as to what the benefit of these shows might be. The more teens are watching, the more producers are showing. Nevertheless, there might be some advantages to the influence media has on its young viewers, especially regarding pregnancy (Suellentrop). Although some parents believe the media creates a false sense of reality by glorifying teenage pregnancy, they often fail to realize that such television shows can actually help bridge the conversation gap between them and their children. Two of the television shows popular amongst high school students are MTV’s Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant. Both are reality shows that follow several young girls and their daily struggles as pregnant teenagers and young parents. A recent study by The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy revealed interesting results when they asked teenagers their thoughts about such shows. The results revealed a surprising 40% talked to a parent about the show after watching and most agreed that becoming teenage parents would have an overall negative impact on their lives (Suellentrop). If watching these episodes results in teenagers talking to their parents about sex, then ultimately it can be a positive influence, not only by seeing the struggles that young parents face, but by giving parents and teenagers an opportunity to openly discuss their views and opinions about sex and relationships. Research shows that episodes such as these can be used in a positive manner to teach young people about the risks of becoming pregnant and how their lives could change drastically. Also, it seems that teenagers are willing to discuss these shows with their parents, allowing the opportunity to engage in educational conversations with their teenagers. Clearly, the media influences its viewers; however, advantage can be taken to properly inform today’s youth of the risks of sexual behavior while presenting information in an alluring way (Suellentrop). Although there has been a steady decline in the U. S. een birth rate, it remains higher than many other countries. Students are more educated and are therefore making more informed decisions about sex (Kann).    How can we expect teenagers to make appropriate, well-informed decisions regarding their sexual health if we do not give them the proper education and factual information to do so? The statistics show that â€Å"evidence-based sex education works,† so why go against the grain? (Wirthman). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more teenagers are using birth control, which has help lead the way to a record low birthrate, and the numbers of hose using contraception keep rising. Also leading to the decline, is â€Å"more effective† sex education, according to Leslie Kantor, vice president of education for Planned Parenthood (Tulumello). Hopefully in the future, additional school districts will adopt a more comprehensive approach to their curriculums, as it is shown to be much more effective in reducing teenage pregnancy than abstinence-only education. Telling a teenager not to experiment is like a meteorologist saying there is a 50% chance of rain. Yo u hope it does not rain; however, you bring an umbrella just in case it does. As much as we would like to believe that teenagers will not have sex, it is likely that they will engage in some type of sexual behavior in high school and providing them with accurate, age-appropriate information is vital. Sexual education can come from many avenues, including parents, schools, and the media. Comprehensive sex education will not stop the occurrence of teenage pregnancy 100%, but by adequately educating teenagers on safe sex practices, and providing them with medically accurate information, today’s youth are able make healthy, well-informed decisions regarding their sexual well being. How to cite Sex Ed Reduces Teen Pregnancy, Papers

Financial Position and Severe Financial Loss

Question: Describe about the Financial Position and Severe Financial Loss. Answer: Introduction According to the case study and the annual report of 2014-2015 of the company Dick Smith Holding shows that the financial position of the company in 2015 was positive as revealed by a retailer of electronic goods. The announcement by a press release in the 2nd quarter of the particular year states that in the year of 2015-2016 the sales volume and cash generation of the company was really disappointing. Hence the investors, who invested on Dick Smith Holding Company has to face severe financial loss, which is about several million dollars for the collapse of the company (Dick Smith Holdings, 2016). Therefore, in this specific situation the shareholders and investors of the company inquired about the reason of the collapse that lead to such negative result in the month of OCT. 2015 to Dec. 2015 from the positive result of August 2015. The Chief Executive of the company has resigned following the situations as well as numerous people have criticized the owner of the company. Main context History of ownership The company Dick Smith Holding has a very rich and interesting history; the company was commenced in 1968 by young electronics technicians who love anything that had wire. The company was established by the young electronics technicians Dick Smith with only $610 and the next is history. His initial focus was on the installation and providing services of car radios. Furthermore, in the following years he felt that he not only required a big shop but also need many shops (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). He shifted his business to larger premises initially at Atkinson Street and St Leonards and afterwards at Carlotta Street, Artarmon along with a flagship store adjacent to the pacific Highway and Gore Hill. Along with the main car radio business, the company then ventured into Dick Smith Whole sale business of the electronic goods with a range of electronic products and which was delight for the consumers. Moreover, the company was achieved huge growth during next few years (Wolf, 2008). By th e year of 1980 the company had opened 20 stores and achieved significant growth and in this year the company Dick Smith Holding sold 60% of its share to the Woolworths Company and within the next subsequent two years the rest of the shares were sold to the Woolworths Company and the Woolworths Company took the complete ownership of the companyc (Elliott and Elliott, 2008). Afterwards the company Dick Smith Holding continued its growth and development and opened around 100 of Dick Smith stores across the country Australia, which are comprised with David Jones Electronics Stores, which are powered by the brand Dick Smith. Moreover then in May 2016 the company has been acquired by Kogan.com. Discussion of ethical considerations facing Anchorage Capital Partners The actual value of Dick Smith Holdings was misrepresented in front of the public. In the first quarter the value of Dick Smith Holdings was positive but in the second quarter the value becomes negative. Therefore, it means that the value was misrepresented by the Dick Smith Holdings which is considered as an unethical act. The act was unethical because the financial report shows wrong values that led to the loss of million dollars that was invested by the investors into the company due to the collapse. Dick Smith Holdings was acquired by Anchorage Capital Partners in 2012 from Woolworth and earned huge profits (Helbk, Lindest and McLellan, 2010). Anchorage capital partners purchased Dick Smith Holdings from Woolworths at a much cheaper rate. It was an unethical act by misrepresenting the value of Dick Smith Holdings. The information was released by press that led to the loss of million dollars of the investors. In order to secure orders the firms started to offer back to back rebate s. In short term, the inventory value was written down. Dick Smith Holdings wanted to sell the inventories but they do not want to sell at loss as because the loss would be shown in the financial statements and that will make harder to float the organization. The financial report of the company was misrepresented that led to loss of million dollars and to be considered as an illegal or unethical act done by the top officials of the company. In the year 2013, the actual value of Dick Smith Holdings was misrepresented on the Australian Stock Change (Hillier, 2010). The act violated legal and ethical values as well as misguiding large number of people. Anchorage Capital Partners paid $115 to Woolworth for Dick Smith and acquired it. The misrepresentation of financial reports consider as violation of moral and ethical values that misguided many people. It is the responsibility of the Anchorage Capital Partners to perform their business ethically acquiring Dick Smith Holdings. It is the responsibility of the senior officials and directors to shows the actual value of the company. The Anchorage Capital Partners need to review and analyze the current situation and actual value of Dick Smith Holdings (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). Discussion of ethical considerations facing DSH directors and senior The directors and senior executives of Dick Smith Holdings were responsible to misrepresent the actual value of the organization in the year 2014/2015. The act was unethical that led to the loss of million dollars of investors invested into the company. Subsequently, the chief executive officer resigned from the organization after the disclosure of the negative value of the company. New chairman was appointed, Robert Murray and independent non execute director were given to Robert and loma Raine during its formation (Holton, 2012). The board of directors of the company was mainly responsible to review and analyze the financial statements of the company. Therefore, it was very much important to present fair value of the company in their financial statements. The profit or loss and other financial information are derived from financial report that helps the investors to take decision and analyze the present value of the company. The aim of the board of directors is to generate maximum returns for their shareholders by increasing the profitability as well as verifying all the accounts. The risk management process has been implemented to determine, evaluate and mitigate the error risks in the financial statements. It is the process of determining, assessing, analyzing, controlling and eliminating the unacceptable risks (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2007). The board of directors would have implemented appropriate risk management process in order to cope of with the situation of representing wrong value of the company. The self evaluation of financial statements will also help the board of directors to review the financial statements and all errors that are presented. Ethical guidelines should be followed by all the members of the company. The financial report was misrepresented as because there was a lack of rules and regulations implemented by the board of directors. The implementation of appropriate diversity policy is very much important as because it will help to balance skills, experiences and knowledge within the organization. The performance of the organization would have analyzed by evaluating strategic objectives, plans and personal objectives. It was the responsibility of the board members to present true and fair value of the company in front of the investors (Moles, 2011). The financial statements show the real value of a company and current performance in the market. It includes cash flow statements, balance sheet, statement of equity and income statement. The investors determine and analyze the financial performance with the help of financial statements. Conclusions From the case study it is clearly understood that the public were misguided by the management authority of the company Dick Smith Holding as the annual report of the company was misrepresented and produces wrong information to the public so that they unconsciously invest in the company and lost millions of dollars because of the collapse of the company Dick Smith Holding. The misrepresentation of the data in the financial statement of the annual report of the company Dick Smith Holding led to the dreadful loss of the company. As the data did not represent the actual value of the company, many of the investors were misguided and take investment decision in favor of the Dick Smith Holding company. The shareholders of the Dick Smith Holding Company were also misguided and face severe loss due to the collapse of the company (Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, 2011). The company Dick Smith Holding was bought by Anchorage capital Partners from Woolworths at much lower price because of the loss re present in the financial report of the Dick Smith Holding. The directors and auditors of the company are found guilty for misrepresenting the financial data of the company, which misrepresented the actual value of the company. Furthermore, the act by the directors and auditors of the company is unethical as they violate the business ethics along with they breach the respective laws of business which led to severe loss to the investors. References Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2007).Corporate finance. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Dick Smith Holdings, (2016). [online] Available at: https://file:///D:/Sep/2/934004_1809525413_DickSmithAnnualReport2014-2015(2).pdf [Accessed 2 Sep. 2016]. Elliott, B. and Elliott, J. (2008).Financial accounting and reporting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Helbk, M., Lindest, S. and McLellan, B. (2010).Corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hillier, D. (2010).Corporate finance. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Kieso, D., Weygandt, J. and Warfield, T. (2007).Intermediate accounting. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Moles, P. (2011).Corporate finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Smart, S., Megginson, W. and Gitman, L. (2004).Corporate finance. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Spiceland, J., Sepe, J. and Nelson, M. (2011).Intermediate accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Wolf, M. (2008).Fixing global finance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.

On what grounds is the idea of universal human rights challenged

Despite the fact that they are not always put in place, the general notion of universal human rights is in the present day largely acknowledged worldwide. Even then, particular sections of the human rights policy are revealingly challenged by influential political players.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on On what grounds is the idea of universal human rights challenged? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human rights that articulate liberal ideals like non-discrimination, wide personal liberties and egalitarianism/ democracy expose the extent of this fact. Several communities which have political systems that are short of key liberal aspects and which as they acquire increased power end up challenging the norms of human rights. Even then, prospects of the liberal human rights don’t rely solely on the scales of supremacy between communities with diverse political systems. It also relies on the way communities with moderately tolerant political schemes respond to the challenge of non-tolerant schemes. Fastidiously, one main aspect is if advocators of liberal ideals believe they are vindicated to maintain these beliefs as universal human rights norms, or if they believe that some intolerant political applications ought to be esteemed internationally, the way that some liberals have debated. This paper aims at discussing whether liberal communities are ethically obligated to revere the multiplicity of political ideology as well as to get accustomed to human rights consequently. The paper will begin by elucidating in a few words the concept of liberal ideology in the way we decipher it here, and reveals the way the insertion of these philosophy’s in human rights is disputed in the present day. The paper will then scrutinize following a presentation, three protestations in opposition to liberal human rights. These are the significance of cooperative self-determination, the constricted international political task of human rights and the supposed parochialism of tolerant ideology. The synopsis is that not one of these doubts are realistic or credible. Contestation of liberal human rightsAdvertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Liberalism†, as is the same with numerous other concepts, is construed by diverse authors in many different ways. Majority of liberals however, support three â€Å"normative political ideology† that we may refer to as â€Å"liberal principles†. These are: Esteem for wide personal liberties that was epitomized by Miller’s â€Å"harm principle†, of which a community may only limit the liberty of citizens in order â€Å"to prevent harm to others† (Miller, 2007, 14), as well as Habermas initial rule of justice that proclaims â€Å"each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total syst em of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.†(Habermas, 2001, 78). A sturdy belief of non-discrimination, of which all able adults must be accorded similar primary rights. The belief of democratic leadership, which stipulates that executive as well as legislative national influence eventually lies on systems that state all proficient grown-up citizens have identical official authority. These three principles founded claims in the revolution of democracy in Europe which started towards the close of the 18th century. The political organizations as well as legislation of the states aforementioned and several others have been fashioned by these beliefs. An essential reflection underlying tolerant doctrine is the fact that they articulate how coercive political establishments take care of their associates’ fairly and capitalize on the patience to diverse stances and principles. Individuals with diverse political as well as religious princ iples and also unlike schemes of life may dwell mutually such that the supremacy of a certain faction over the rest is diminished under liberal ideology. Modern intercontinental legislation on human rights allows for a sturdy dedication to liberal philosophy. An example is the – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights- (ICCPR) of 1966 which distinguishes several liberation privileges e.g. the free will of conscience, religious conviction and contemplation (art. 18), the choice of expression and view (art. 19) and the freedom of passive congregation and alliances (art. 21/22) Any sort of prejudice by the decree, be it because of lingo, race, belongings, religious convictions, color, societal or national derivation, gender, political or any other outlook, birth or any other status (art. 26) and it also requests for â€Å"sporadic and authentic voting which shall be by collective and identical suffrage † (art. 25). Differentiation of these tolerant human righ ts from other classes of human rights e.g. the right not to be persecuted and the right to living, rights to due process like fair trial and the rule of law as well as cultural, fiscal and communal rights like health care food and housing. To date, 167 nations are participants of ICCPR and have shown dedication to the provisos. Some moderate principles particularly are however occasionally debated in global discussions on human rights. Whereas basic security rights are mostly un-contentious, a few nations and agents have totally and openly queried if the rights of human beings should carry complete liberal principles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on On what grounds is the idea of universal human rights challenged? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A case in point is whereby Asian nations stressed on â€Å"the implication of nationalized and area particularities and assorted chronological, cultural and devout bac kgrounds† in the Declaration on Human Rights in Bangkok in 1993 for the understanding of human rights , that was vastly seen as a disagreement mitigating sturdier limitations on moderate human rights e.g. partaking in polls or freedom of speech. Another example is the Organization of the Islamic Conference which has been piloting a global crusade opposing the slander of religions. Consequential declarations of the United Nations have been professed to hold up decrees barring profanity and as such limiting the tolerant right to freedom of expression (Freedom House 2010b). Nevertheless, non-interventionist human rights are not only disputed by countries that have not entirely acknowledged liberal doctrine, or by clandestine agents which do not recognize liberal philosophy. A strange attribute of existing political reflection is that even countless liberals do not acknowledge these ethics as a foundation for human rights. These liberals assert that freethinking doctrines are appo site for societies with liberal customs, but that it is not legal to incorporate them in collectively obligatory norms, given the assorted political ideals of unlike cultures. John Rawls is in all probability the liberal political philosopher who has for the largest part put emphasis on this issue. Mutua formulates a report of the ethics that would administer a â€Å"reasonably just Society of Peoples† (Mutua, 2002, 93). As piece of these ideology, he conveys a register of human rights which encompasses basic security rights, a number of liberty rights, some due process rights, and a fundamental social right, but which intentionally requires complete liberal rights. Human rights, according to Rawls interpretation, do not enclose complete liberty of conscience, fortification opposing discrimination, the freedoms of congregation, of alliance and of expression as well as a principle of egalitarian authority. Unlike Rawls as well as some other open-minded political theorists have defended the outlook that human rights- or another scheme of globally niting political norms- ought to incorporate liberal theories. Some examples are given by Geuss, Nussbaum and Jurgen Habermas. As a result, the prospect of liberal philosophy as a branch of documented worldwide human rights does not just rely on the equilibrium of power between nations with tougher and those with feebler liberal practice (Habermas, 1992, 112). It also depends on if liberals assume that it is ethically tolerable to maintain open-minded philosophy in generally binding worldwide law, or whether human rights ought to permit some element of derogation from liberal philosophy (Nussbaum, 2006, 74).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this paper we will scrutinize a number of explanations that have been so far given for not including liberal philosophies for human rights or objections against liberal human rights. (Geuss, 2001, 48) We will need to question if these protestations are compelling within a normative argument on what philosophies nations may maintain as globally binding human right philosophies(Habermas, 2001, 59). Therefore the protestations petition mainly people who may be persuaded of the significance of intercontinental human rights and who embrace liberal political philosophies to be warranted in some communities, but who protest counting liberal ideology in human right standards (Nussbaum, 2000, 38). The three challenges that will be taken in account are not equally elite, but are often presented jointly and somewhat reinforce one other Moral challenges against liberal human rights The narrow international political role of human rights The rights of human beings are just not the ones that e ach person has like the aspect of human rights is perceived in lawful as well as open dialogues. Quite a number of authors stress the fact that the starting point of human rights is in intercontinental lawful manuscripts and they also dispute that it is indispensable of them that they perform a certain worldwide political function – a task â€Å"in practical reasoning about the conduct of global political life† (Beitz 2009, 99). A few authors have taken for granted that this function is relatively tapered and customized to particular uses. As an example Walzer pointed out that: â€Å"I will take human rights to be rights which set limits to the sovereignty of states, in that their actual or anticipated violation is a (defeasible) reason for taking action against the violator in the international arena, even when – in cases not involving violation of either human rights or the commission of other offences – the action would not be permissible, or normativ ely available on the grounds that it would infringe the sovereignty of the state.† (Walzer, 2007, 109). Accordingly, Walzer puts forth, the rights of human beings are somewhat distinct by the justifiable intercontinental fines that may ensue as nations contravene them. Human right by explanation, are norms that, in case are infringed or contravened, call for actions that would in normal situations flout the autonomy of a nation i.e., comprise a case of intercession into another country. A soaring threshold is set-up by this situation that a right must attain so as to meet the criteria as a human right. The philosophy of non-involvement is among the fundamental main beliefs of global decree. It deters commonly the intimidation as well as the use of force of one nation against others and other acts like intervening in relations among a country’s government institutions, prying in political actions like showing preferences to certain contenders in polls, and debatably fisc al as well as political intimidation. For both the firmness of the global order as well as the lives of the people who are threatened, it is quite apparent that intercession mainly by using force has prospectively severe outcomes. As such, through the present global order that comprises of autonomous nations, intercession may be conceivably only be (ethically) permitted if certain offences of a severe nature are carried out. It may then be debated that infringements of liberal philosophies do not warrant â€Å"prima facie† included the prospective errors arising from intercession such that liberal ideology may not be embraced in human rights. The key supposition forming the dispute however does not appear justified. Barry claims that his view of the concept of human rights reflects the â€Å"dominant trend in human rights practice† (Barry, 2001, 37). The global political practice of the rights of humans is made up of a wide range of varieties of political acts of which quite a number do not comprise of involvement. Charles Beitz spotlighted this actuality. Beitz lists six well-established types of international action in support of human rights (Beitz 2009, 33-40). Duress by fiscal sanctions or armed forces involvement is the only kind that is categorized as foreign involvement. The rest which are five and are the auditing and reporting procedures in United Nations organizations, enticement in foreign guidelines e.g. by conditioning support on human rights values, backing in developing the state of affairs of human rights, pressuring social culture players, as well as the elimination of worldwide hindrances to the realization of human rights. Although they create a key segment of global political acts that are pro-human rights, the effectualness of these sorts of acts remains uncertain. The tangible practice of human rights hardly goes against autonomy of a nation but in most cases pleas to the country’s political organizations, in so doin g supposing that this nation shows autonomous power across its regions. This outcome is affirmed by the acknowledgement of human rights norms in global decree. States have freely assumed their legal obligation to comply with human rights norms, but they have been reluctant to justify intervention, even in especially grave cases of human rights violations (Ipsen 2004, 1085). Assumptions may be made that rights are by explanation, norms for which there is an active machinery to impose them. Unfortunately, the global decree does not comprehend it as such. Consequently, it is impossible to get an unambiguous report regarding the outcomes that may be warranted where there is infringement of human rights. Practically, nations only have to go through critics and symbolic acts. Proposals hereby exert that human rights role in global practices of politics is majorly that one of an ethical one. With the idea of human rights, the general consensus is that they ought to be acknowledged openly a s global binding norms and that they fit in a worldwide ethical discussion on political action. The rationalization of liberal human rights ought to tackle substantive ethical contemplation. Western parochialism An ethical criticism that has time and again been raised in opposition to liberal human rights is that they are â€Å"Western† and thus cannot be in universal norms, applicable in each and every state, as well as those having a non-Western cultural tradition. For instance, Makau Mutua talks of â€Å"cultural biases of the human rights corpus† which is derived from â€Å"liberal theory and philosophy† (Mutua 2002, 23). similarly, Ingelhart asserts that his listing of human rights, which does not have central liberal principles, encompass the virtue that it isn’t â€Å"special to the Western tradition† thus not â€Å"politically parochial†. (Ingelhart, 2003, 45). This path of criticism bases on empirical assertions concerning the origi n of liberal principles as well as the support that they get from different cultural traditions all over the world. Generally, it is definitely true that liberal principles have found strong expressions from the Western political thought and that many views of citizens have been shaped. Societies from the west; however, liberal principles aren’t the exclusive heritage of Western cultures although it is obvious that in a number of societies liberal principles are almost not accepted, within political societies and amongst citizens. But what is exactly the reason behind these empirical observations being relevant for normative questions regarding the content of human rights? How precisely are we supposed to understand the argument behind the charge of â€Å"Western parochialism†? Lastly what may be the standard which human rights norms have to attain for it to be justified? Different ways in which the argument may be understood have been sidelined. For our case, we are g oing to focus on two possible explanations.To begin with, the argument may be that only the norms that are shared in every culture can be capable of being justified as universal norms of human rights. Basing on this standard of validation, the members in all the cultures have got to in a certain way already assent toward the norms that are entailed in the human rights. If a certain norm doesn’t find universal assent by a particular culture’s members, it can’t be a norm which is relevant to them, and for this reason is unsuitable as a universal norm of the human rights. This standard of validation can be defended by Michael Walzer when he declares that the universal morality that allows cross-cultural criticism consists of â€Å"reiterated features† of the moralities of each and every culture, whereby the features have to â€Å"actually be shared across a society† (Walzer 2007, 10/27) as well as the support that they get from different cultural trad itions all over the world. Generally, it is definitely true that liberal principles have found strong expressions from the Western political thought and that many views of citizens have been shaped. Societies from the west; however, liberal principles aren’t the exclusive heritage of Western cultures although it is obvious that in a number of societies liberal principles are almost not accepted, within political societies and amongst citizens. However, it can’t be a satisfactory standard of verification for human rights norms to necessitate that they have got to be shared in each and every culture. As a matter of fact, Charles Beitz has asserted, it should be the role of human rights to be critical standards of all the social practices (Beitz 2009, 78). It is obligatory to be possible for all of them to be critical of all the practices endorsed by the cultures where they take place. Slavery, the implementation of heretics as well as forced marriages have entirely been endorsed practices by particular cultures at specified times. If the projected standard of rationalization is prior agreement, then what we have to give up is the idea of human rights. Although the charge of the â€Å"Western parochialism† may be understood in a different way, beginning with Joshua Cohen’s discussion concerning the justificatory basis of human rights norms. As Cohen attests, all human rights are generally applicable norms and need to be construed in a manner that they are acknowledged by people from different philosophical and religious traditions (Cohen, 2008, 96). This condition doesn’t mean that human rights ought to be acceptable by all religious and philosophical traditions. The condition only suggests that human rights norms ought to be acceptable for all the people who embrace diverse and different religious as well as philosophical views. They are supposed to aim at being acceptable to a great variety of all these views. Basing on this, Cohen argues for â€Å"justificatory minimalism† that follows according to his presentation: Justificatory minimalism is animated by an acknowledgement of pluralism and embrace of toleration. It aspires to present a conception of human rights without itself connecting that conception to a particular ethical or religious outlook; it minimizes theoretical aspirations in the statement of the conception of human rights with the aim of presenting a conception that is capable of winning broader public allegiance — where the relevant public is global. (Cohen 2004, 192) Basing on this presentation, justificatory minimalism makes of 2 central justifications. To begin with, human rights norms need to aim at â€Å"winning broader public allegiance† channeled to them. For the reason that people all round the world encompass different religious and ethical views, human rights need to recognize pluralism of these views furthermore strive to abide by them. subsequently, this e ntails a consequence that â€Å"theoretical aspirations in the statement of the conception of human rights† ought to be minimized. It is indeed possible to comprehend human rights norms indevoid of reference to a certain â€Å"philosophical theory†. At present, Cohen doesn’t argue in opposition to liberal human rights. But he proposes that an argument against liberal human rights can be capable of having some plausibility, given justificatory minimalism. Ingelhart may perhaps provide a paradigm: The Law of Peoples does not say, for example, that human beings are moral persons and have equal worth in the eyes of God; or that they have certain moral and intellectual powers that entitle them to these rights. To argue in these ways would involve religious or philosophical doctrines that many decent hierarchical peoples might reject as liberal or democratic, or as in some way distinctive of Western political tradition and prejudicial to other cultures (Ingelhart, 200 3, 241). Ingelhart asserts in his book that liberal principles rest on specified metaphysical doctrines concerning human beings’ status or else on fundamental doctrines regasrding their moral values. The doctrines are, seemingly, â€Å"distinctive of Western political tradition†; other societies have come up intensely with different doctrines. Universal political norms need to be interpreted a way that is adherent to typical Western as well as non-Western doctrines similarly their importance need to be understood. Nevertheless, it is likely to explain liberal principles in such a way that is consistent to â€Å"justificatory minimalism†. As Cohen clarifies, justificatory minimalism â€Å"is animated by an acknowledgement of pluralism and embrace of toleration.† Precisely, it recognizes a plurality of diverse â€Å"ethical or religious outlooks†. As a result, the tolerance approved by justificatory minimalism is intended for these different â€Å"o utlooks†. Therefore, justificatory minimalism bases on a fundamental value that is intended for getting common rules that are accepted by lots of people from diverse ethical and religious outlooks. At present, in nearly all societies, there isn’t any unanimity regarding to these outlooks. This doesn’t signify that cultural and religious disparities are at all times strongly present in social life, other than some people whose outlook differs from the view of the majority. Consequently, the plurality of both ethical and religious outlooks doesn’t just exist among diverse societies all round the world. It also subsists in societies. We can at this moment notice that the underlying value of justificatory minimalism is similar to the value underlying liberal political principles. As mentioned before, liberal principles try to tolerate different attitudes and beliefs. They give out conditions that govern the domination of a particular set of ideas by any other particular set. Justificatory minimalism bases on the same value of tolerance; it only moves the concentration from smaller-scale conflicts amongst the members of the societies to large-scale political conflicts amongst societies. For individuals who are truly concerned about tolerance towards different outlooks, it shouldn’t matter in principle whether conflicts occur either within or between the societies. Therefore, liberal principles aren’t inevitably tied to particularly Western religious or philosophical traditions. Their appeal can be interpreted by any person who recognizes the plurality of ethical and religious traditions and also embraces the value of tolerance. Basing on this sense, liberal principles aren’t parochial. The value of mutual self-determination Critics of liberal human rights repeatedly create a further objection: liberal human rights are not compatible with acknowledging the value of self-determination collectively. For instance, Mutua a ttests against the full freedom of religion as part and parcel of human rights by asserting that â€Å"the most fundamental of all human rights is that of self-determination †¦ Any right which directly conflicts with this right ought to be void to the extent of that conflict.† (Mutua 2002, 108) How precisely might self-determination be at variance with liberal human rights? The subsequent argument may be made: given that a society is self-determined politically, others should respect the political norms carried out within the society since they have been freely chosen by the citizens. Societies upholding liberal human rights norms do not succeed to give the respect owing to all those self-determined societies that don’t accept liberal principles. As a result, not everybody should support liberal human rights. Further clarifications are required approximately two aspects regarding to this argument. First and foremost, what’s here the behind the idea of colle ctive self-determination? An individual may perhaps liken the notion to the principle of self-determination of peoples within the international law. But self-determination collectively and legally, doesn’t correspond to the sense of self-determination that is needed in the argument. Various aspects of the legal principle turn out to be controversial, nevertheless it is approved that it is associated to the obligation of non-intervention in cases where people have attained statehood in its legitimate territory (Ipsen, 2004, 394). As we have previously seen, the obligation of non-intervention doesn’t necessarily disagree with universal human rights practices, for instance, public criticism different states. Consequently, if liberal human rights are solely backed up by milder forms of international pressure that doesn’t total up to â€Å"intervention†, there isn’t any conflict amongst them and self-determination legally. So the perception of collectiv e self-determination as argued above has to be different from legal self determination. It must be a moral notion that includes more duties as compared the legal principle. Debatably, Gould defends self-determination as a moral value when she denotes: â€Å"self-determination, duly constrained by appropriate conditions, is an important good for a people, and the foreign policy of liberal peoples should recognize that good and not take the appearance of being coercive.† (Gould, 2006, 99) The self-determination of a people tends to be â€Å"good†, here for instance, as a value that needs to be recognized by other peoples. To be certain, Goulds’ remarks with full respect to coercion advocaes that acknowledging this value implies only paying respect to the principle of non-intervention. Actually, this value needs to justify duties that are strong. For instance, Barry argues that single states as well as international institutions should not offer incentives to the o ther countries to take over liberal institutions. Barry puts emphasis on â€Å"the great importance of maintaining mutual respect between peoples and of each people maintaining its self-respect† (Barry, 2003, 68). Maintaining common human rights norms, that necessitate societies to take on specified political principles, seemingly refutes respect to societies that don’t accomplish the norm. Basing on Barry, we may possibly suggest that the value of collective self-determination offers the other societies a motive to â€Å"respect† self- determining societies. Here is the second aspect of the objection regarding collective self-determination that requires clarification: basing on which circumstances can a society be assumed to be self-determined? It appears that the only way a society can be self-determined is if it is in one way or another governed by the combined will of all its members. This conflicts to being subjected to either an outsiders will or of part o f its members. But this condition should be of which strength? It is seemingly controversial whether self-determination necessitates everybody having equal formal powers in political procedures, thus the principle of democratic governance. We don’t have to settle this issue here. What we need to assume is that a self-determined society could possibly adopt political practices that in one way or another defy a number of liberal principles. In addressing the argument that has been presented above, that seeks to attest that the value of collective self-determination gives a reason that contrasts to liberal human rights. Basing on the fact that we are primarily addressing the supporters of human rights although denying the universality of liberal principles, we can possibly assume that the moral petition of the value of collective self determination depends on the respect for decisions absorbed by the peoples’ members. While paying respect to the self- determined decisions of a people, we eventually respect the options of individuals that was composed by the people. Now, a procedure in incorporated for every collective decision that accepts different views of individuals as not only an input but also a common decision as an output. In a number of cases, the verdict could be liberally accepted by almost all of the individuals, but usually collective verdicts are taken that conflict to the will of most of the members. Additionally, there isn’t any procedural guarantee that the result of a decision procedure is fair. Even the procedures that execute strict but real conditions of procedural fairness tend to yield choices that turn out to be significantly unfair, in the view of defenders of liberal principles. Given such cases, defenders of liberal principles face problems. They can’t accept the fact that the society is self-determined as a satisfying motive to respect the collective decision since they carry that respect is in due course ow ed to the individuals, but not collectively as a whole. Once respect is eventually guaranteed to the individuals, an individual needs to realize the fact that most people encompass different notions regarding the end collective decision, thus an individual needs to owe respect to all the sides of the controversy moreover come up with a reasoned option regarding the side that deserves respect especially when all things are considered. When thinking that while making such reasoned choices, the decision made collectively is substantially unfair to those individual on only one side of the, then this must be a good motive for taking sides along with them and as well not respecting the decision. So far, they are believed as moral defenders by the defenders of liberal principles. This is contrasted to local customs, they’ll be dedicated to seeing each and every violation of liberal principles as a significantly unfair treatment of particular society members. as a result, they have w ith them a very good reason that allows them not to respect collective decisions that defy liberal principles. However, an individual may possibly argue out that this particular reason is overshadowed by stronger countervailing motives. To be specific, an individual may possibly declare that all of the individuals who seem to be treated unfairly must have made free alternatives, that in one way or another validate expecting from them to tolerate the burdens substantial to these decisions. The following are some of the reasons of this kind. One of the reasons is that an individual could possibly mention as a matter of fact is that these individuals reside in certain societies in devoid of being forced to do so. As a matter of fact, if they were truthfully unhappy from the collective decisions absorbed within their society, then they would certainly leave. However this argument supposes that individuals can relocate in other societies. This is almost not true. Most of the countries in corporate restrictive immigration policies; furthermore there are cultural as well as economic barriers against migration. Therefore, the likelihood of emigration can’t be a satisfactorily strong motive to anticipate from them to tolerate the burdens of unfair collective decisions within their society. Another reason could possibly be the fact that individuals take part in the collective decision- making of all the people. Irrespective of the unfairness of the outcome, an individual may imagine that they’re dedicated to the outcome since they have implicitly agreed to the procedures. However it isn’t clear why it should be the case ( with the exclusion of a problem that specific persons may decide to boycott collective decision- making based on uneven conditions). It is not irrational and immoral to take part in the political processes even though an individual isn’t disposed to agree to certain outcomes. Taking part in collective decision-making, and ack nowledging temporarily the procedures based upon while taking these decisions, is the sole likelihood they’ve to not only express their views but also manipulate the collective decisions in a calm and peaceful way. We can’t embrace their involvement against them. In conclusion, the outlined reasons aren’t convincing. The value of collective self-determination doesn’t provide us with satisfying reasons to respect illiberal political practices in different societies. Conclusion In a synopsis, it can be stated that we have scrutinized three objections compared with including liberal philosophy in global human rights norms: the tapered political part of human rights, the supposed Western parochialism of liberal ideology, as well as the worth of mutual self-determination. All these objections failed to elucidate proof of a persuasive argument. For as long as there are no other persuasive challenges facing liberal human rights, protecters of liberal doctrines h ave no principled ethical reason to keep off from maintaining liberal principles as part of global human rights norms. References Barry, B. (2001). Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturism.  Cambridge: Polity Press. Beitz, C. R. (2009). The idea of human rights. Oxford: Cassese. Cohen, J. (2004). Minimalism About Human Rights: The Most We Can Hope For? In:  Journal of Political Philosophy 12. 190-213. Cohen, J. L. (2008). Rethinking Human Rights, Democracy, and Sovereignty in the Age  of globalization. Political theory 36. 578-606 . Freedom house. (2010b). Poilcing belief: The impact of blasphemy laws on human  rights. New York. Geuss, R. (2001). History of illusion in politics. London: Cambridge. Gould, C. C. (2006). Self-Determination Beyond Sovereignty: Relating Transnational  democracy to local autonomy. journal of social philosophy 37. 44-60. Habermas, J. (1992). Faktizità ¤t und Geltung. Beitrà ¤ge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demok. Frankfurt: ratischen rechtsstaats. Habermas, J. (2001). Zur legitimation durch Menchenrechte. Hauke Bronkhorst , 386-403. Ingelhart, P. N. (2003). The true clash of civilization. Foreign Policy 135 , 62-70. Ipsen, K. (2004). Volkerrecht. Frankfurt: Frankfurt M. Mutau, M. (2002). Human Rights: A Political and cultural critique. New York: Blackwell. Miller, D. (2007). National responsibility and global justice. London: Oxford. Nussbaum, M. C. (2006). Frontiers of Justice. Disability, Nationality, Species  Membership. Cambridge: MA/ London. Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). Women and human development: The capabilities approach.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Walzer, J., N. (2007). Making sense of human rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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Thoreaus Resistance to Civil Government †English Literature Essay (200 Level Course)

Thoreaus Resistance to Civil Government – English Literature Essay (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Thoreaus Resistance to Civil Government English Literature Essay (200 Level Course) While reading Resistance to Civil Government it is clear that Thoreau longs of a government that does not use a standing army and political manipulation to control the masses. It is clear that his vision of the â€Å"American Dream† is one where a citizens do not hand over their decision making powers and freedoms to the legislator or to any power other then themselves. Thoreau implorers the reader to formulate their own opinion on social and economic issues. He asks them to revolt against the â€Å"right hand of a standing government† and that participation in any act of the political process from voting to policing is merely fueling the fire that burns away at personal freedom. For it is freedom that Thoreau sees as the â€Å"American Dream† and nothing less. It is to this pursuit that Thoreau channels his frustration and anger towards. He believes that men are born free both in mind and body. He presents no valid reason why this should ever change. Anything less then this is merely seen as being cheated. â€Å"If you are cheated out of a single dollar by your neighbor, you do not rest satisfied with knowing that you are cheated†. Thoreau is no way a man that is at rest with himself, with dreams, with his government, with his country and certainly not with his readers. He demands action from principle and the performance of right. This is the America that Thoreau wants and anything less would only mean that his fight is not over. Thoreau goes as far as to say that the reader should be prepared to make great sacrifices for their fight to regain personal freedom. Participation in this fight may cause the reader to run the risk of compromising the little personal freedom that is currently possessed. â€Å"The true place for a just man is also a prison†, his claim that the current imprisonment of the mind is far worse then the physical imprisonment threatened. Imprisonment is seen only as a tool by the establishment to herd the masses and should not be feared, as Thoreau sees the reader’s daily life no more free. Thoreau expands on his vision of the â€Å"American Dream† in Walden, or Life in the woods. He makes his point of self-reliance clear within the first few paragraphs of the work by making sure that reader understands that he himself built his house at Walden and that his own hands provide him his living. Even that he feels inclined to state his distance between him and his closest neighbor shows the reader how important the idea of personal space is to him. Personal space not only as it relates the threshold for creative thought but in the very important, but simple, concept of physical distance from that which can control some element of your being. Thoreau sees that his way of life pertinent to his writing, for his conviction would go meaningless if not for his own dedication to Transcendentalism. In so many ways Thoreau, himself, is his main character. No fictional character could up ever live up this standard and it would be a great injustice to think of his life merely as a story. He is a revolutionary that has inspired major conquests in civil rights from Gandhi to Martin Luther King, Jr. Great men such as them would have been so implored by a tail where no real person suffered. Research Papers on Thoreau's Resistance to Civil Government - English Literature Essay (200 Level Course)Mind TravelQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

Hey Neighbour, Stop piggybacking on my Wireless by M. Marriott Essay

Hey Neighbour, Stop piggybacking on my Wireless by M. Marriott - Essay Example The dangers of having an unsecured Wi-Fi are tackled in this article. A man who did not set up protection for his wireless was accused of downloading and using something illegal. Child pornography was the case for this man and he was put to court due to his negligence to protect his connection. Although some people purposely leave an open connection, it is unsafe to assume that no harm will be done by other people who use open connections. Other people leave it open believing that it is an act of kindness to provide internet convenience for other people. Others are victims of indirect distribution of illegal things such as underage pornography. It is a common case that unsecured internet routers have brought legal trouble for subscribers and so the court have indeed created procedures that counter or prevent those kinds of things. However, not all can be prevented. Due to people’s negligence of their own responsibility, trouble still finds them. The only way that it can be prevented is to have cautioned that you always protect your connection. As we know that, we should act on our own and put a stop to bad things that might happen. As a community, we should educate others about this to help community protection and avoid trouble. More and more people are becoming victims of fake networks or hotspots because of the need for internet these days. People who are unaware that they are connecting to fraudulent connections are taken advantage on hackers by phishing for their private information that they input to such fake hotspots.

The influences of price elasticity of demand(Microeconomics) Essay

The influences of price elasticity of demand(Microeconomics) - Essay Example These are usually elastic goods. Price elasticity of demand influences total revenue. When there is increase in price, more revenue is generated on every item that is sold along with the fact that there are fewer items sold. When the aim is to increase total revenue, we must decide which effect is larger. In case of inelastic demand, the increased price affects the total revenue significantly which become directly proportional to increase in price; whereas, in case of elastic demand, the factor that influences total revenue is the lower quantity which makes the revenue inversely proportional to increase in price. Mainly, there are three factors that contribute to demand elasticity (Investopedia, 2010). These are explained below along with a description of how these factors influence consumers to purchase goods: The thumb rule is that: the more is the availability of product substitutes, the more elastic is the demand. Increase in price of elastic goods will influence their demand and the consumer will start looking for other options to replace the product he was using. For example, if the price of tetra pack milk goes up by $1.25, the consumer will start buying fresh milk. Thus, the demand of tetra pack milk decreases. But the industry itself is inelastic, that is if the price of milk as a whole goes up, the consumer will not stop buying milk as it is a necessity. â€Å"Thus, while a product within an industry is elastic due to the availability of substitutes, the industry itself tends to be inelastic† (Investopedia, 2010). This factor deals with the amount of income that is available for a person to spend on goods. If price of an elastic good goes up and the income remains the same, the person will have less to spend on that good than what he had to spend before price increased. For example, the quantity of tetra packs he bought

Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Skills - Essay Example The supporting staff in the workforce should come up with the skills and also behaviors required in working effectively with the young people, the parents and children as well as with each other in positive ways that lead to achieving better outcomes (McWilliam 35). Those in the workforce should be skilled with knowledge on how to support young people who particularly are vulnerable inclusive of those who are looked after, those that are disabled and also with mental problems (McWilliam 45). Through the various education stages, young people face increasing difficulties in securing gainful employment and also career opportunities. When we focus on the world today, most of the unemployed people globally are young people (McWilliam 25). The government should come up with solutions to solve this problem like generating links with the work foundation to employ young people (McWilliam 15). Environments for learning should be created in such a way that they are conducive for studying. Such learning environments should be both indoor as well as outdoor spaces (Selter & Bentley 34). They should include more than just a single room arrangement. They should also be equipped with various activities such as cooperative play, messy play, and also large muscle activities. Resnick, Mitchel. "All I really need to know (about creative thinking) I learned (by studying how children learn) in kindergarten." Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCHI conference on Creativity & cognition. ACM,

The Fear Of Terrorism Criminology Essay

The Fear Of Terrorism Criminology Essay Fear is an alarming emotion that is aroused by any danger or perceived threat. It is an emotion that helps us survive occurring in response to a specific stimulus, such as pain or the threat of danger. Terrorism is the use of violence to create fear for a political or ideological goal. The fear that terrorism has on people escalated highly after in-voluntary terrorist attacks around the world. The effect being that it creates a fear of danger in peoples minds affecting them highly in everyday life. The effect of terrorism varies among people; most have a multivariate aggression of worry and avoidance, including demographic factors, estimated color-coded alert levels, and daily activities. Much of the effect of terrorism comes from different types of demographic factors. The effects of these demographic factors correlate into the psychological minds of people to determine an arousing fear from such various activities. Recent studies show that before and after terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001 have raised fear on peoples minds of an on-coming terrorist attack. The events of September 11, 2001, influenced well-being and security beyond the regions directly attacked (Tseng others 168-174). Many people throughout the United States felt they were at risk from terrorism. Risk perceptions, along with antiterrorism program, laws, and policies affected Americans lifestyles and behaviors. In the months following the attacks, 40% to 50% of US adults still feared for their safety (Silver RC others 1235-1244) and 11% reported changed behaviors such as avoiding public gatherings (Blendon RJ, Benson JM survey). Risk perception theories and research posit that individuals assess risks based on a balance of many factors, including the probability of a hazard or risk personally affecting them, the severity of the personal consequences from risk exposure, feelings of personal control, the perceived inequality of risk distribution across society, and trust in institutions managing risks (Gilk others 168-174). For instance, a national survey conducted 2 months after the attacks of September 11 found that the distance between ones home and the World Trade Center was inversely correlated with perceptions of terrorism risk among non-Hispanic Whites (Solvic P, Fischhoff B, 14-20). By contrast, Latinos and African Americans judgments of future terror risks were not affected by how far they lived from New York City (Fischoff B, Gonzalez RM, 137-151). The Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS) is a post-September 11 program that may influence risk perceptions and avoidant behavior although that is not its intended purpose (Long others 164-174). The HSAS announces the Department of Homeland Securitys assessed risk of a terrorist attack on the United States via a color coded threat level and disseminates information regarding that levels risk to public safety officials and the general public (Asch others 164-174). The HSAS has 5 color-coded conditions: green, blue, yellow, orange, and red corresponding to threat levels of low, guarded, elevated, high, and severe, respectively (Long others 164-174). At each level are recommended actions for the public and government agencies to implement to reduce the likelihood or impact of an attack (US Department of Homeland Security). The value of the HSAS is debated, considering its adverse effects on well-being cause by unnecessarily raising fears and anxieties (Aguirre 103-115). The estimation of personal risk and vulnerability to terrorism may act as a key motivator to behavioral adaptations, including avoidance of usual activities or increased adoption of protective behaviors (Lindell 461-501). Those who believe they are particularly vulnerable to a risk may be motivated to perform risk reduction. Studies document that vulnerable populations, such as chronically ill, the physically disabled, non white racial/ ethnic minorities, and immigrants, bear a disproportionate burden of harm from natural disasters (Fothergill 156-173) and that there are racial/ ethnic differences in perceived risks of natural disasters (Fothergill 156-173). Similarly, research finds specifically that African Americans and Latinos perceive they are at greater risk from terrorism than do non-Latino whites (Boscarino 505-513). A survey conducted less than a year after September 11, 2001, reported that African Americans were most likely to limit their outside activities and change their mode of transportation in response to fears of terrorism (Torabi 179-192). Also a national survey found that persons with disabilities were more anxious about their personal risk from terrorism than were persons without disabilities, even when equally prepared (Harris Interactive Inc.). Another study reported that persons who increased their disaster preparations in response to the possibility of terrorist attacks included African Americans, Latinos, Persons with disabilities or household dependents, and non US-born populations (Eiseman 1-6). As with health and disasters generally, these populations may experience disparities in the effects of terrorism and terrorism policies including their risk perceptions and avoidant behavior (Long others 164-174). An Israeli survey found that large social groups, including women, had adapted their daily behaviors to minimize the impact of terrorism risks (Kirschenbaum 1-33). As studies continue to document the long-term and indirect health effects of September 11 attacks, it remains important to understand how long these risk perceptions and behavioral effects have lasted and who have been most affected (Asch others 164-174). Fear the distressing emotion that is aroused by danger and pain has been shown in terrorism highly. Many people are shown with adverse effects of this daily and must cope with it in their own difficult ways. The fear of terrorism has been escalated highly to a standpoint of psychological and physical pain. The effect of terrorism varies among people; most have a multivariate aggression of worry and avoidance, including demographic factors, estimated color-coded alert levels, and daily activities. The fear of terrorism affects everyone in their own ways. Work Citied Eisenman, David P., Gilk, Deborah, Ong, Michael, Zhou, Qiong, Tseng, Chi-Hong, Long, Anna, Fielding, Jonathan, Asch Steven. Terrorism- Related Fear and Avoidance Behavior in a Multiethnic Urban Population. American Journal of Public Health, Jan 2009, Vol.99 Issue 1, P168-174. Silver RC, Holman EA McIntosh DN, Poulin M, Gil-Rivas V. Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September 11. JAMA. 2002;288: 1235-1244. Blendon RJ, Benson JM. Harvard School of Public Health/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Survey Project on Americans Response to Biological Terrorism. Boston, MA: Harvard School of Public Health; 2001. Slovic P, Fischhoff B, Lichtenstein S. Rating the risks. Environment. 1979; 14-20. Fischhoff B, Gonzalez RM, Small DA lerner JS. Judged terror risk and proximity to the World Trade Center. J Risk Uncertain. 2003;26:137-151 US Department of Homeland Security. Homeland Security Advisory System: Current Threat Level. April 1, 2008. Aguirre BE. Homeland Security warnings: Lessons learned and unlearned. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters. 2004;22:103-115. Lindell MK, Perry RW. Household adjustment to earthquake hazard: a review of the research. Environ behav. 2000;32:461-501. Fothergill A Maestas E, Darlington J. Race, ethnicity and disasters in the United States: a review of the literature. Disasters. 1999;23:156-173. Boscarino JA, Adams RE, Figley CR, Galea S, Foa EB. Fear of Terrorism and preparedness in New York City 2 years after the attacks: Implications for disaster planning and research. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2006;12:505-513. Torabi MR, Seo DC. National study of behavioral and life changes since September 11. Health Educ Behav. 2004;31:179-192. Eiseman DP, Wold C, Fielding J, et al. Differences in individual-level terrorism preparedness in Los Angels County. Am J Prev Med 2006;30:1-6. Kirschenbaum A. Terror, Adaptation and preparedness a trilogy for survival. J Homeland Secur Emerg Manage. 2006;3:1-33.

Moral Sentiments and Determinism Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Pap

ABSTRACT: P. F. Strawson’s essay "Freedom and Resentment" was a landmark in the study of determinism, free-will, and morality. It contributed a much-needed correction to the problem of overintellectualization as found in twentieth-century compatibilist literature. Although most of the central claims in Strawson’s essay are important and true, it fails to fill the lacuna in the analysis, discussion and proposals of traditional compatibilism. The reasons may be summarized as follows. The web of moral demands, feelings and participant attitudes comprises a set of facts within human social life which must be investigated in order to understand the relation (or lack thereof) between determinism and morality. If the facts themselves fill the gap, then it must be some adequate and coherent understanding of them. According to Strawson, the incompatibilist has an understandable dissatisfaction with his opponent’s account because, among other things, the latter fails to de al with the condition of desert and of the justice of moral condemnation and punishment. However, the theory of "Freedom and Resentment" fails equally on this point. What is now needed is a combination of factual study with ethical inquiry. The former would draw on the results of social psychology, the psychology of moral development, the social sciences of morals, and (philosophical) moral psychology. I In the light of a well-known distinction between participant moral attitudes and objective ones, the traditional issue of free will and morality is rephrased, in P.F.Strawson’s ‘Freedom and Resentment’ (henceforth FR), as follows: Could, or should, determinism lead us always to look on everyone exclusively in the objective way? The negative answer is defended and ... ...egal punishment, and the sociology and anthropology of morality. As far as the latter is concerned, that would amount to a sort of revival of the late l9th Century and early 20th Century studies in the social sciences of morals. In an age of multidisciplinary studies such as ours, FR may retrospectively be looked on by present-day students of our philosophical problem as containing an ‘ahead-of-its-time’ invitation, and an especially attractive one, for the philosopher to embark on such a multidisciplinary enterprise. References Honderich, T. (Ed.), Essays on Freedom of Action, Routledge and Kegan Paul, l973. Schlick, M., Problems of Ethics , Dover Publications, N.York, l939. Strawson, P.F., ‘Freedom and Resentment’ in Freedom and Resentment and other Essays, Methuen, l974 Skepticism and Naturalism: some varieties, Columbia University Press, l985.

Grievance: Trade Union and Workers

Grievance in Industry There are many factors in industry, which make a worker unhappy and dejected. May be his fellow workers are non-co-operative or his foreman’s sarcastic or harsh remarks on his own personal problems outside the factory or domestic matters. Poverty, undernourishment, debts, unemployed dependent, etc. may be working adversely in his mind. He look around and finds everybody being unkind to him. He is aggrieved and wants to ventilate his feelings and reactions. A well-defined grievance procedure is an important element of a sound industrial relations machinery.Prompt and effective disposal of workers grievance is the key to industrial peace. The grievance procedures set up by agreement with a union provides a medium for the workers to transmit his grievance to management in an orderly manner and get the answer in writing Meaning and Nature of Employee Grievance According to Michael J. Jucius, the term ‘grievance’ means â€Å" any discontent or di ssatisfaction, whether expressed or not and whether valid or not arising out of anything connected with the company that an employee thinks, believes or even feels, is unfair, unjust, or inequitable. The definition is very broad and covers all kinds of dissatisfaction, which an employee has while doing his job. A grievance means any discontentment or dissatisfaction arising out of anything related to the enterprise where he is working. It may not be expressed and even may not be valid. It arises when an employee feels that something has happened or is going to happen which is unfair, unjust or inequitable. Keith Davis has defined grievance as â€Å" any real or imagined feeling of personal injustice which an employee has concerning his employment relationship. A grievance represents a situation in which an employee feels that something unfavorable to him has happened or is going to happen. In an industrial enterprise, grievance may arise because of several factors such as: a. Viola tion of management’s responsibility such as poo working conditions, b. Violation of company’s rules and practices. c. Violation of collective bargaining agreement, d. Violation of labour laws, e. Violation of natural rules of justice such as unfair treatment in promotion. The essential of a grievance in an organization are as under: i.The discontentment arises out of something connected with the organization: The sources of grievance lie within the company such as unfair treatment by the supervisor, violation of company rules, etc. do not constitute a grievance. Such outside sources are beyond the control of the employer. ii. A grievance may be expressed or implied: It is comparatively easier to identify express grievances. They are manifested in several ways, e. g. ; gossiping, active criticism, argumentation, increased labour turnover, carelessness in the use of tools, materials and poor workmanship, etc.Grievance are also implied by indifference to work, day dreamin g, absenteeism, tardiness, etc. it is not wise to recognize only expressed grievances and overlook the unexpressed ones. In fact, unexpressed or implied grievances are more dangerous than the grievances which are started because it is not known when the implied grievance may explode. It requires a high order of skill for an executive to identify such grievances. iii. The discontent may be rational or irrational: rational grievance is a genuine one, which must be removed by the management.On the other hand, there are grievances which are emotional in nature and are based on sentiments, distorted perception, lack of proper thinking, etc. these are totally irrational or psychological. It is difficult to handle such grievances. Sources of Grievance The causes of grievances may be grouped under three heads, viz. , i. Grievances resulting from Management Policies a. Wage rates or scale of pay. b. Overtime c. Leave d. Transfer- improper matching of the worker with the job e. Seniority, pro motion, and discharges f. Lack of career planning and employee development plan g. Lack of role clarity. . Lack of regard for collective agreement. i. Hostility towards a labour union j. Autocratic leadership style of supervisors. ii. Grievances resulting from working conditions: a. Unrealistic b. Non-availability of proper tools, machines and equipment for doing he job. c. Tight production standards. d. Bad physical conditions of workplace. e. Poor relationship with the supervisor. f. Negative approach to discipline. iii. Grievances resulting from Personal Factors a. Narrow attitude b. Over- ambition c. Egoistic personality. Handling of Grievance Grievances are symptoms of conflicts in enterprise.So they should be handled very promptly and efficiently. Copying with grievances forms an important part of manager’s job. The manner in which he deals with grievances determines his efficiency in dealing with the subordinates. A manager is successful if he is able to build a team o f satisfied workers by removing their grievances. While dealing with grievances of subordinates, it is necessary to keep in mind the following points: i. A grievance may or may not e real. ii. Grievances may arise out of not one cause, but multifarious causes. iii. Every individual does not gives expression to his grievances.For the purpose of handling grievances efficiently, it is necessary to find and analyses the grievance of the subordinates. If a grievance is found to be genuine or real, the corrective action should be taken immediately. But if the grievance arises due to imagination or disturbed frame of mind of the worker, then it is necessary to explain and clear up the matter. Before dealing with the grievances, their causes must be diagnosed. But when the grievance are not expression by the subordinates, it is manager’s job to detect the possible grievances and their causes.He may realize the existence of grievances because of high labour turnover, high rates of abs enteeism and poor quality of work. These problems will go on multiplying if the causes of grievance are not cured. While dealing with grievances, a manager cannot depend upon any readymade solutions. Every case has to be dealt with on its merits. The following guidelines may be followed to deal effectively with the grievances: i. The complainant should be given a patient hearing. He should be allowed to express himself completely. ii. The management must show its anxiety to remove the grievances of the workers. iii.If the grievances are real and their causes are known, attempts should be made to remove the causes. iv. If the grievances are imaginary or unfounded, attempts should be made to counsel the workers. Grievance Procedure A grievance is the embryo of more serious trouble to come because accumulation of minor grievance may lead to major explosions. Therefore, prompt and effective handling of grievance is the key to industrial peace. This calls for systematic procedure of hand ling grievance for the just and speedy disposal of grievances. There are two types of grievance procedures for redressing the grievance of the employees.These includes i. Open Door Policy Under the procedure, the employees are free to meet the top executive of the organization and get their grievances redressed. Such a policy may work well in the small organizations, but in big organizations this may not be practicable because the top executive will be too busy in other matters. Another disadvantage of open-door policy is that lower level executives feel bypassed. This may complicate the human relations problems. Moreover, top management is not too familiar with the working conditions of the operative employees.It may be difficult for it to attend to employee grievances because of lack of sufficient information. Lastly, it is also said that the open door policy is suitable for executives to walk through and not the operative employees. The employees may even hesitate to go to top ex ecutives with their grievances. Because of these difficulties, stepladder procedure may be adopted ii. Step- ladder Procedure Under this procedure, the aggrieved employee has to proceed step b step in getting his grievance heard and redressed. Firstly, he has to present his grievance in writing to his supervisor or foreman.If he is not satisfied with his decision, he may go to the head of the department. There may by a joint grievance committee after the decision of the head of the department is not acceptable to the employee. If the committee also fails to redress his grievance, the matter may be referred to the chief executive. The grievance procedure will be said to be exhausted if the chief executive is also not able to redress the grievance. The workers should not take any action against the management until the whole grievance procedure has been exhausted. Filing of written Grievance Grievance Voluntary Arbitration Chief ExecutiveJoint Grievance Committee Head of department Su pervisor or Foreman S E T T L E M E N T The grievance assumes the form of a conflict after the workers is not satisfied with the decision of the chief executive. For maintaining industrial peace in the plant, it is advisable to refer such grievance to the voluntary arbitration. The award of the arbitration should be binding on both the parties. Grievance Procedure in Indian Industry In India, settlement of settlement of grievance did not receive adequate attention in the legislative framework till the enactment of Industrial Employment (standing orders) Act, 1946, and the Factories Act, 1948.The Industrial Employment Act provides that every establishment employing 100 or more workers should frame Standing orders which should contain, among other matters, provision for means of redressed for workmen against unfair treatment or wrongful actions by the employer or his agents or servants. Similarly, section 49 of the Factories Act provides for the appointment of Welfare Officers in ever y factory wherein 500 or more workers are ordinarily employed. These officers are generally entrusted with the task of dealing with complaints and grievances of the workers or employees.The 15th session of the Indian Labour Conference (July 1957) took up the matter of establishing a grievance procedure acceptable to both the management and workers union in an industrial unit and a sub-committee was formed for the purpose. The 16th session of the Indian Labour Conference (1958) approved the principles of industrial discipline evolved by the committee. A Model Grievance Procedures which is a part of code of discipline was drawn up. The model grievance procedure envisages the creation of a grievance machinery to administer the procedure.According to it workers representatives are to be elected for a department or their union is to nominate them. Otherwise workers representatives on the workers committee are to be taken as their representatives. The management has to specify the persons in each department who are to process the grievance at the second step. These representatives of workers and management are to constitute the joint, bipartite grievance committee. It should be noted that the whole procedure is time bound. Industrial RelationsTraditionally, the term ‘industrial relations’ is used to cover such aspects of industrial life as collective bargaining, workers’ participation in management, discipline and grievance handling, industrial disputes, and interpretation of rules, labour laws, etc. thus, industrial relations are often seen as constraints which limit the ability of the organization rather are often seen as constraints which limit the ability of the organization rather than an opportunity to develop collaborative problem solving relationship.The industrial relation (IR) function in majority of the organizations suffers from lack of planning, absence of human relations policies and predominance of short-term perspective in resolvi ng labour-management problems. The continuous neglect of industrial relations function has resulted in problems like poor work-culture, indiscipline, flouting of authority, coercion and blackmailing by unions, rise of restrictive practices, lack of mutual trust, frustration of workers, alienation of workers, etc. The concept of Industrial RelationsThe term ‘Industrial Relation’ refers to all types of relationships between all the parties concerned with industry. The parties related to industry are the workers and the management representing the owners. Thus, industrial relations connote a vast complex of relationships obtaining between management and employees, union and management, union and employees and between employees themselves. Both parties to industrial relation have a common interest in industry, but many a time, they are found to be pulling n difference directions which lead to industrial unrest. Therefore, it has become necessary to secure the cooperation of both workers and management to achieve good industrial relations. Besides management and workers, State is another party associated with industrial relations. The interference of government in industrial relations through legal and administrative measure is quite common. Thus, the area of industrial relations has been extended to relations among the state, employer and employees.According to Encyclopedia Britannica, â€Å"The subject of industrial relations includes individual relations and joint consultations between employers and workers at the place of work, collective relations between employers and their organizations and trade unions and part played by the state in regulating these relations. † According to Dale Yoder â€Å"The term ‘industrial relations’ refers to the relationship between management and employees or among employees and their organization that arise out of employment. In modern usage, the phrase ‘industrial relations’ include s the whole gamut of matters that arise due to the continuing relationship between the employers and the workers. Its scope includes three rarely distinct areas: 1. Relations between mangers and individual workers; 2. The collective relations between employers and labour (trade) union; and 3. The role of government in the regulation of these relationships. These three closely associated areas are often referred to respectively as personnel management, collective bargaining and labour legislation. Parties to Industrial RelationsSimply stated, industrial relations are the outcome of the employment relationships in industry. The government of a nation influences these relations to a great extent. Thus, there are three major variables in industrial relations: i. Workers and their Organizations: the personal characteristics of workers, their culture, educational attainments, qualifications, skills, attitude towards worker, etc. play an important role in industrial relations. Workers orga nizations, known as trade unions, are political institutions. Trade unions are formed for safeguarding the economic and social interests of the workers.They put pressure on the management for the achievement of these objectives. ii. Employers and their organizations: The employers are a very important variable in industrial relations. They provide employment to workers and try to regulate their behavior for getting high productivity from them. Industrial unrest generally arises when the employers demand from the workers is very high and they offer low economic and other benefits. In order to increase their bargaining power, employers in several industries have organized employers associations.These associations put pressure on the trade unions and the government. They also participated in tripartite bodies constituted by the government to regulate industrial relations. iii. Government : the government exerts an important influence on industrial relations through such measures as pro viding employment, intervening in working relationships and regulating wages, bonus and working conditions through various laws relating to labour. The government keeps an eye on both the trades unions and employers organizations to regulate their activities in the interest of the nation. Objectives of Industrial RelationsThe primary objective of industrial relation is to maintain good and healthy relations between the workers and the management in the enterprise. Al other objectives revolve around this primary objectives. Some of the important objectives are listed below: i. To promote healthy labour-management relations. ii. To promote the interests of employees as well as management by securing the highest level of mutual understanding and goodwill among them. iii. To raise productivity to a higher level which is the need of the day and to contributed to the economic development of the country. v. To check industrial conflicts and minimize the occurrence of strikers, lockouts and gheraos. v. To minimize labour turnover and absenteeism by providing job satisfaction to the workers. vi. To facilitate and develop industrial democracy based on workers partnership in management of industry. vii. To establish government control over industries to regulate production and industrial relations. Significance of Good Industrial Relations or Industrial Peace Good industrial relations refer to harmonious relations between the labour union and the management in an organization.In other words, in such a situation, there is absence of industrial disputes between the two parties and presence of understanding and cooperation between them. Thus, industrial relations in an organisation must be harmonious or cordial. Such relations can lead to the following benefits: 1. Industrial peace: Cordial industrial relations bring harmony and remove causes of disputes. This leads to industrial peace which is an ideal situation for an industrial unit to concentrate on productivity and gro wth. 2. Higher productivity: Due to cordial industrial relations, workers take interest in their jobs and work efficiently. his leads to higher productivity and production of the enterprise where they are working. Thus, they will contribute to the economic growth of the nation. 3. Industrial Democracy: Sound industrial relations are based on consultation between the workers and the management. This assists in the establishment of industrial democracy in the organization which motivates employees to contribute their best to the success of the organization. 4. Collective Bargaining: Good industrial relations are extremely helpful for entring into long-term agreements as regard various issues between labour and management.Effective collective bargaining and association of employees in decision- making process will bring about cooperation between labour and management. 5. Fair Benefits to workers: The workers should get sufficient economic and non- economic benefits to lead a happy life . It is possible when the relations between workers and management are cordial and the productivity is high. The employers can afford higher benefits to the workers. 6. High Morale: Good industrial relations imply the existence of an atmosphere of mutual cooperation, confidence, and respect within the enterprise.In such an atmosphere, there are common goals, which motivate all memebers of the organization to contribute their best. Consequently, there is higher productivity, higher income and increased, job satisfaction – all resulting in higher morale of the workforce. 7. Facilitation of change: Sound industrial relations, by creating a climate of co-operative and confidence make the process of change easy. Hence, full advantage of last inventions, innovations and other technological advancement can be obtained.The workforce easily adjusts itself to required changes for betterment. Industrial Unrest Industrial peace in a country is an important pre- condition for its industri al development. Industrial peace implies the existence of harmonious relationship between the management and the workers. When the relationship between the management and the workers is not cordial, industrial atmosphere is not peaceful. Such a situation is known as industrial unrest. In other words, industrial unrest refers to discontent and conflict between employers and employees.It takes the shape of strikes, lock-outs, demonstrations, etc. The relations between the employers and the employees are frequently clouded by a sense of exploitation, distrust and discontent. They give rise to industrial conflicts or disputes. Perhaps an industrial dispute is the most acute problem in industrial organization because it endangers peace in the industry. Some of the symptoms of industrial unrest are high labour turnover, disciplinary problems, absenteeism and tardiness, critical personal rating, low morale, restriction of output, etc. t is important to note that strikes and lock-outs have come to stay almost permanently in the industrial set-up of many countries. Maintenance of harmonious human relations in an organization depends upon the promotion and maintenance of discipline. No organization can proper without discipline. Discipline has been a matter of utmost concern for all organizations. There are some people who believe that maintenance of discipline is the concern of only higher echelons of an organization. But in actual practice, discipline is concerned with employees at all levels.Broadly speaking, discipline means orderly behavior of individuals towards the desired goals of the group. The word ‘discipline’ owes its origin to religion, but it was in the army that it helped achieve spectacular results. When big battles were won not by the numerically superior army, but by the one that had better disciplined soldiers who had a very high morale, a more intense motivation to win, and had the benefits of effective leadership, popular imagination ma rveled at such achievements. Discipline, thus, came to be equated with the army.But now it is widely used in schools, colleges, industries and other institutions. The concept of Industrial Discipline Discipline in industry may be described as willing cooperation and observation of the rules and regulations of the organization. It means securing consistent behaviour in accordance with the accepted norms of behaviour. Discipline is essential to a democratic way of life. Simply stated, discipline means orderliness. It implies the absence of chaos, irregularity and confusion in the behaviour of workers. In other words, disciplined workers cooperate andbehave in a normal and orderly way.Discipline may be defined as a force that prompts individuals or groups to observe the rules, regulation and procedures which are deemed to be necessary for the effective functioning of an organization. According to Ordway Tead, â€Å"Discipline is the orderly conduct of affairs by the members of an orga nization, who adhere harmoniously in forwarding towards the end which the group has in view, and willingly recognize that. † Discipline is said to be good when employees willingly follow company’s rules and it is said to be bad when employees follow rules unwillingly or actually disobey them.According to some people, discipline is a positive concept in as much as that the absence of indiscipline does not imply a state of discipline. Too often, discipline has been oriented towards punishment for the past misdeeds. Many managers and supervisors see discipline primarily as a mean to enforce external demands for responsible behaviour. Instead they expect orderly behaviour to depend primarily on fear of penalties. Thus, they exercise discipline as a punishment. But this is a negative approach which should be abandoned by the managers and supervisors in order to secure good human relation in industry.Manager should adopt a positive approach to deal with indiscipline in the or ganization. Attempts should be made to educate the workers the value of discipline. The workers should be taught self-discipline because it is the highest form of discipline in any group activity. Management should give more emphasis in educating the workers in order to change their attitude towards their work and work-place. Disciplinary action should be taken only in exceptional circumstances where no other alternative is left. It must be based on the consideration of just cause and due process of law.Aspects of Discipline There are two aspects of discipline, viz. , positive and negative aspects which are discussed below: 1. Positive Aspect: Employees believe in and support discipline and adhere to the rules, regulations and desired standards of behaviour. Discipline takes the form of positive support and reinforcement for approved actions and its aim is to help the individual in moulding his behaviour and developing him in a corrective and supportive manner. This type of approach is called positive approach or constructive discipline or self- discipline.Positive discipline take place whenever the organizational climates is marked by aspects such as payment of adequate remuneration and incentives, appropriates avenues for career advancement, appreciation of proper performance, reinforcement of approved personnel behaviour or actions, etc. , which all motivate employees to adhere to organization rules and regulations or exercise self- control. 2. Negative Aspect: Employees sometimes do not believe in discipline. As such, they do not adhere to rules, regulations and desired standards of behaviour.As such, disciplinary programmed forces and constraints the employees to obey orders and function in accordance with set rules and regulations through warnings, penalties and other forms of punishment. This approach to discipline is called negative approach or collective approach or punitive approach. This approach is autocratic in nature as the subordinates are given no role in formulating the rules and they are not told why they are punished. Negative or enforced discipline connotes that personnel are forced to observe rules and regulations on account of fear of reprimand, fine demotion, or transfer.But these are helpful in extracting Just minimum standard of performance from the employees since they work on account of the fear they have got. In fact, punishment, penalties, demotions and transfers provide or establish a climate which demotivates the employees. Hence, such climate is not helpful for the accomplishment of group goals and for enhancing the morale of employees. Importance of Discipline in Industry Discipline is the very essence of life. Absence of discipline means chaos and disorder. An industrial enterprise is an organic whole in which a variety of forces act in unison towards the attainment of its ultimate aims.Obviously, smooth and effective functioning demands a high degree of co-ordination among the various elements which for m integral parts of an organization. In an industry, big or small, manpower is the most important factor. Manpower can be used effectively only if there is discipline in the industry. Discipline should not be brought about by fear or punitive actions, it should be brought voluntarity. A man may work in the required manner under compulsion, but he may constantly be in conflict with his natural impulse and thus be under a continues strain which he can’t be considered conductive to good social relations in the work-group.What is really required is to take steps to promotion mutual confidence between the employees and the employers and highlight the identity of their interest, which are so essential to bring about the necessary discipline. Maintenance of discipline is a prerequisite for the attainment of maximum productivity, not only of the workers but also of the entire nation. It is only because of this that the underlying philosophy of discipline is conceived as inherent in t he whole field of industrial relations.Viewed against this background, self-discipline is the highest form of discipline and management efforts should be directed to encourage this. True discipline is education because it changes the very attitude of the workers towards their work and work-place. It must, therefore, be realized that discipline is to developed from within. It has to be reformative and not punitive. Preventive and Settlement Machinery of Industrial Disputes Lasting industrial peace requires that the causes of industrial disputes should be eliminated. In other words, preventive steps should be taken so that industrial disputes do not occur.But if preventive machinery fails, then the industrial disputes settlement machinery should be activated by the Government because non- settlement of disputes will prove to be very costly to the workers, management and the society as a whole. MACHINERY FOR HANDLING INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Labour Court Industrial Tribunals National Tribun als Conciliation Board Conciliation Officers Voluntary Arbitration Conciliation Court of Enquiray Adjudication Workers Participation in management Standing Orders Tripartite Bodies Collective Bargaining Code of disciplineGrievance Procedure Settlement Machinery Preventive Machinery Preventive Machinery The preventive machinery has been set up with a view to creating harmonious relations between labours and management so that disputes do not arise. It comprise of the following measures: 1. Worker’s participation in management It is a method whereby the workers are allowed to be consulted and to have a saying the management of the unit. The important schemes of workers participation are: works committees, joint management council (JMC), shop council and joint council.These have been discussed later in this book. 2. Collective Bargaining According to Dale Yoder, â€Å"Collective Bargaining is the term used to describe a situation in which essential conditions of employment dete rmined by bargaining process undertaken by representatives of a group of workers on the one hand and of one or more employers on the other. Collective bargaining not only includes negotiation, administration and enforcement of the written contracts between the employers and employees, but also includes the process of resolving labour- management conflicts.The role of collective bargaining fore solving the issues arising between the management and the workers at the plant or industry level has been widely recognized. Labour legislation and the machinery for its implementation prepare a framework according to which industrial establishment should operate. But whenever labours laws may lay down, it is the approach of employers and trade union leaders which matters. Unless both are enlightened, industrial harmony is not possible. Therefore, the solution to common problems can be found directly through negotiation between both parties and in this context, he scope of collective bargainin g is very wide. 3. Tripartite Bodies Industrial relation in India have been shaped largely by principles and policies evolved though tripartite consultative machinery at industry and national levels. The aim of the consultative machinery is to bring the parties together for mutual settlement of difference in a spirit of cooperation and goodwill. 4. Code of discipline Code of discipline is a set of self-imposed mutually agreed voluntary principles of discipline and good relation between the management and the workers in industry.In India, code of discipline was approved by the 16th Indian Labour Conference held in 1958. It contain three sets of codes which have already been discussed later in the book. 5. Standing Orders The terms and condition of employment have been a bone of contention between labour and management since the advent of factory system. To prevent the emergence of industrial strive over the condition of employment, one important measure is the standing orders act, 19 46, it was made obligatory that Standing Orders would govern the conditions of employment.The Standing Orders regulate the conditions of employment from the stage of entry in the organization to the stage of exit from the organization. Thus they constitute the regulatory pattern for industrial relations. Since the standing orders provide Do’s and Don’ts, they also act as a code of conduct for the employees during their working life within the organization. Industrial Disputes Settlement Machinery The machinery has been provided under the Industrial Disputes Act 1947. It, in fact, provides a legalistic way of setting the disputes.As said above, the goal of preventive machinery is to create an environment where the disputes do not arise at all. Even then if any differences arise, the judicial machinery has been provided to settle them lest they should result into work stoppages. In this sense, the nature of this machinery is curative for it aims at curing the ailments. T his machinery comprises following organs: 1. Conciliation: Conciliation is a method of resolving the industrial conflict with the help of the third party, who intervenes in the dispute situation upon a request by either or the both parties.It is a procedure in which the decision making functions remains the prerogatives of the parties to the disputes as in collective bargaining. The conciliators simply assists them in their negotiations and decision making, he resolves the impasse and remove the bottlenecks Conciliation Officers The law provides for the appointment of conciliation officer by the Government to conciliate between the parties to the industrial disputes. The conciliation Officer is given the power of a civil court, whereby he is authorized to call and witness the parties on oath.It should be remembered; however, whereas civil court cannot go beyond interpreting the laws, the conciliation offer can go behind the facts and make judgment which will be binding upon the part ies. Conciliation board In case conciliation Officer fails to resolve the differences between the parties, the government has the discretion to appoint a Board of Conciliation. The Board is tripartite and ad hoc body. It consists of a chairman and two or four other members. The chairman is to be an independent person and other members are nominated in equal numbers by the parties to the dispute.Conciliation proceedings before a Board are similar to those that take place before the conciliation Officer; the government has yet another option of referring the dispute to the court of Inquiry instead of the Board of conciliation. 2. Court of Enquiry In case of the failure of the conciliation proceedings to settle a dispute, the government can appoint a court of Inquiry to enquire into any matter connected with or relevant to industrial disputes. This court is expected to submit its report within six months from the commencement of enquiry. This report is subsequently published by the gov ernment within 30 days of its receipt.Unlike during the period of conciliation, workers right to strike, employers right to lockout, and employers right to strike, employers right to lockout, and employers right to dismiss workmen,etc remain unaffected during the proceedings in a court of enquiry. 3. Voluntary Arbitration On failure of conciliation proceedings, the conciliation officer may proceedings; the conciliation officer may persuade the parties to refer the dispute to a voluntary arbitrator. Voluntary arbitration refers to getting the disputes settled though an independent person chosen by the parties involved mutually and voluntarily.In other words, arbitrator jointly appointed by the parties which is usually wasted in case of adjudication. 4. Adjudication The ultimate remedy for the settlement of an industrial dispute is its reference to adjudication by labour court or tribunals when conciliation machinery fails to bring about a settlement. Adjudication consists of settling disputes through intervention by the third party appointed by the government. The law provides the adjudication to be conducted by the labour court, Industrial Tribunal and National Tribunal.