Studying and Treating the Communicative Dyad Essay -- Medical Conditio

Aphasia is a communication disorder that affects not only the communication of the individual but also the communication of the people who interact with the individual on a regular basis. Language intervention, therefore, should include a component of training and educating the caregivers as well as the person with aphasia (Purdy & Hindenlang, 2005). In recent years, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have begun to take more of a social context approach to aphasia intervention, making it more functional for the client and including the caregivers through training (Turner & Whitworth, 2006). Many studies have investigated different types of caregiver training programs and their effectiveness on improved communication between the person with aphasia (PWA) and his or her caregiver (Hopper, Holland, & Rewega, 2002; Purdy & Hindenlang, 2005; Turner & Whitworth, 2006). While these studies suggest that caregiver training programs improve the communication dyad, there is little existing evi dence to suggest that skills learned through these programs generalize to settings outside of the therapy room. The types of caregiver training programs, the programs’ effectiveness, and their long-term outcomes have been reviewed by Turner and Whitworth (2006). There were three major types of conversation partner training (CPT) programs that the researchers identified in the available literature. One type was Conversation Analysis motivated therapy, which encourages collaborative conversation, and the communication partners shape their responses based on the previous conversational turn. In this manner, both conversational partners have a responsibility to do their part in achieving a successful interaction. Another type of CPT examined in the rev... ...econd, this study may provide further support for the benefits of actively including the spouse or caregiver in therapy. Finally, it may provide a detailed training program that SLPs can use when training caregivers and loved ones of people with aphasia that could be used as part of the therapeutic process in addition to traditional therapy aimed at improving the communication of the person with aphasia. Works Cited Hopper, T., Holland, A., & Rewega, M. (2002). Conversational coaching: Treatment outcomes and future directions. Aphasiology, 16(7), 745-761. Purdy, M., & Hindenlang, J. (2005). Educating and training caregivers of persons with aphasia. Aphasiology, 19, 377-388. Turner, S., & Whitworth, A. (2006). Conversational partner training programmes in aphasia: A review of key themes and participants’ roles. Aphasiology, 20(6), 483-510.

Stats Study Sheet

1. Assume 20% of all email is spam. A large Internet provider plans on conducting a survey of 900 emails to see what percentage are spam. a. What is the probability they will get a proportion greater than 0. 1836? b. If they get a sample proportion over 24% they are going to shut down their email server. What is the probability this will happen? 2. A survey is done to estimate the proportion of U. S. adults who think that cell phone use while driving should be illegal. In the survey, 54% of a randomly selected sample of 1025 individuals said that cell phone use while driving should be illegal. a.What is the 90% confidence interval for the proportion of adults who think cell phone use should be illegal? 1. A sample of college students was asked whether they would return the money if they found a wallet on the street. Of the 93 women, 84 said â€Å"yes,† and of the 75 men, 53 said â€Å"yes. † Assume that these students represent all college students (Data source is from UC Davis and can be found in the textbook). a. Is there enough data to calculate a confidence interval for the women? 2. A sample of college students was asked whether they would return the money if they found a wallet on the street.Of the 93 women, 84 said â€Å"yes,† and of the 75 men, 53 said â€Å"yes. † Assume that these students represent all college students (Data source is from UC Davis and can be found in the textbook). b. Is there enough data to calculate a confidence interval for the women? 3. A CNN/Time poll conducted in the United States October 23-24, 2002, (http://www. pollingreport. com) asked, â€Å"Do you favor or oppose the legalization of marijuana? † In the nationwide poll of n = 1007 adults, 34% said that they favored legalization. a.Find the margin of error for a 96% confidence interval. 3. A medical researcher wants to study whether oral contraceptives are correlated with high blood pressure. A sample of 500 women using oral contraceptive s showed 15% had high blood pressure A sample of 400 women not using oral contraceptives showed 10% had high blood pressure. a. What is the 92% confidence interval for the difference in the two proportions? (using – not using) 4. A medical researcher wants to study whether oral contraceptives are correlated with high blood pressure.A sample of 500 women using oral contraceptives showed 15% had high blood pressure A sample of 400 women not using oral contraceptives showed 10% had high blood pressure. b. What is the 92% confidence interval for the difference in the two proportions? (using – not using) b. If the magazine had wanted to get a margin of error of only 1%, at least how many adults should they have interviewed? 1. University of Wyoming policy states that you should spend 6 hours a week on homework. To find out how close our class is we randomly sample 100 students from class and ask, â€Å"How many hours do you spend on homework each week? The mean for the 100 responses is 3. 6 hours with a standard deviation of 0. 7 hours (sample statistic). Find a 95% confidence interval for the true average. * We use 80 degrees of freedom, because (1) t-table does not have t-values for 99 degrees of freedom and also because using 100 degrees of freedom is too liberal. The reason is that we can never say we have more data than you really do; OK to say you have less. * We use t-table and not z-table because our standard deviation has been computed from sample values. 7.The center for disease control wants to know the average life span of an ebola virus. Studies of similar types of viruses suggest the standard deviation will be 2. 55 days (population parameter: use z-table), but they want a 99% confidence interval for the true average lifespan, and they want that confidence interval to have a width of 0. 5 days. How many ebola viruses do they need to sample? †¢We can use z-table instead of t-table because the standard deviation comes from the popula tion.  ¬ †¢We can use z-table instead of t-table because the standard deviation comes from the population. 7.The center for disease control wants to know the average life span of an ebola virus. Studies of similar types of viruses suggest the standard deviation will be 2. 55 days (population parameter: use z-table), but they want a 99% confidence interval for the true average lifespan, and they want that confidence interval to have a width of 0. 5 days. How many ebola viruses do they need to sample? †¢We can use z-table instead of t-table because the standard deviation comes from the population.  ¬ †¢We can use z-table instead of t-table because the standard deviation comes from the population. 9.Example 11. 12 (p. 428) studies hangover symptoms in college students (Slutske et al. , 2003). The students answered questions about alcohol use and hangovers, including a count of how many out of a list of 13 possible hangover symptoms that they had experienced in the pa st year. For the 470 men, the mean number of symptoms was 5. 3; for the 755 women, it was 5. 1. The standard deviation was 3. 4 for each of the two samples. a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference in population means. 9. Example 11. 12 (p. 428) studies hangover symptoms in college students (Slutske et al. 2003). The students answered questions about alcohol use and hangovers, including a count of how many out of a list of 13 possible hangover symptoms that they had experienced in the past year. For the 470 men, the mean number of symptoms was 5. 3; for the 755 women, it was 5. 1. The standard deviation was 3. 4 for each of the two samples. a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference in population means. 3. In each part, use the information given to calculate the margin of error. a. A sample of n = 81 women has standard deviation 2. 7 inches. Confidence90%

The Voyagers by Linda Hogan Free Essay Example, 1000 words

This notion has been affirmed by the current Western concepts of perceiving nature as a merely organic means of providing sustenance however older cultures accepted nature and animals beyond their food dimension. In the essay, Hogan has emphasized the lack of connection between human beings and their natural settings which has been a result of their own destructive actions. As the human society has experienced a decline, so has its relationship with the key elements of the world which make it move. Hogan emphasizes the importance of our environment as supporting our existence in this world. Furthermore, several examples have been presented which reflect the destructive human nature and its devastating actions. The events of Auschwitz, Hiroshima, My Lai, and Rwanda are evident examples of how the selfish and violent human nature brings out destructive impacts on the world. The Holocaust brought the worst form of religious discrimination resulting in millions of deaths. The atomic bom b dropped in the Japanese city of Hiroshima again reflects the violent human nature destroying the very own world where humans dwell. Similarly, all these events reflect the failure of human beings and the decline of society by which humans are on the path of losing their natural connection with the world which they inhabit. We will write a custom essay sample on The Voyagers by Linda Hogan or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The environment which fascinates the humans is also the one being destroyed by the human hands themselves. Although the fact is upsetting however it appropriately reflects the historical events of societal failure which were a result of human intervention with nature. Many of the present actions also demonstrate similar pursuits of environmental and nature decline. In The Voyagers, Hogan presents her ideas in a way which raises several moral questions pertaining to the actions of Man on Earth. Hogan expresses a deep sense of affection for the mother Earth beyond a mere piece of land which will embrace us after we are dead (n. pag. ). Hogan presents a deep connection with our nature counterparts including plants and animals. For centuries humans have lived in in the same environmental context however often human actions have threatened the balance and harmony between the human-nature relationship. In one form or the other humans have been occasionall y riveted by the attractive features of the natural environment. On the other hand, humans have made attempts contrary to protecting the environment in which they dwell as if their existence is independent of the natural context.